Regional per capita income differences: Spatial and hierarchical dependencies

Relevance. Regional differences in per capita income are a matter of concern for many countries for many reasons, including the threat that such regional disparities pose to national security. Multiple tools and methods are used to investigate these disparities and fix them. The use of lower level aggregated data and the analysis that takes into account spatial interactions thus become particularly relevant because it allows us to reveal the diversity of interactions at the micro-level.Research objective. This study aims to determine the significance of spatial relationships at different levels of data aggregation and hierarchical dependencies in per capita income and highlight the level of administrative division (regional or municipal) that has the greatest impact on per capita income.Methods and data. The analysis relies on the data from 2,270 municipalities in 85 Russian regions. The Hierarchical Spatial Autoregressive Model (HSAR) was used to distinguish both spatial and hierarchical effects. We used three specifications of the model: with estimates of the spatial interaction on the higher level (spatial error at the regional level), on the lower level (spatial lag at the municipal level), and on both levels.Results. Spatial interactions explain the observed variation of per capita income at the municipal level data at both the higher (regional) and lower (municipal) levels but the model with the estimated spatial interaction on the higher level was better.Conclusion. Despite the importance of spatial interactions at the lower level, models that take into account spatial interactions only at the upper level may better explain the observed differences in some cases. Our findings contribute to the rather scarce research literature on spatial relationships on several levels of administrative division. We have shown that for each specific case it is important to identify not only the factors but also the spatial effects in relation to this or that level of the territorial hierarchy

Modern methods of diagnosing nephroptosis with a pathologically mobile kidney

Modern methods of diagnosing nephroptosis with a pathologically mobile kidney are presented. The principal examinations are excretory urography and Doppler’s echography determining the tactics of dealing with the patient. An analysis of examining 250 patients has been done.Представлены современные методы диагностики нефроптоза с патологически подвижной почкой. Ведущими исследованиями являются экскреторная урография и эходопплерография, которые определяют тактику ведения больного. Проведен анализ обследования 250 пациентов с нефроптозом

Efficacy of nephropexy through a mini-access according to our modification of the rivoir-pytel-lopatkin method

Nephropexy performed before any complications have developed permits achieving good nearest and remote results. Analysis of operations in 250 patients with nephroptosis according to various methods has demonstrated that Rivoir-Pytel-Lopatkin nephropexy performed according to our modification through a mini-access is less traumatic and makes it possible to allow the patients to rise on the 2nd day after the operation.Нефропексия, выполненная до развития осложнений, позволяет получать хорошие ближайшие и отдалённые результаты. Анализ операций у 250 пациентов с нефроптозом по различным методикам показал, что нефропексия Ривоир-Пытеля-Лопаткина в нашей модификации из мини-доступа менее травматична и позволяет поднимать пациентов на второй день после операции

A whole-genome assembly of the domestic cow, Bos taurus

Background: The genome of the domestic cow, Bos taurus, was sequenced using a mixture of hierarchical and whole-genome shotgun sequencing methods. Results: We have assembled the 35 million sequence reads and applied a variety of assembly improvement techniques, creating an assembly of 2.86 billion base pairs that has multiple improvements over previous assemblies: it is more complete, covering more of the genome; thousands of gaps have been closed; many erroneous inversions, deletions, and translocations have been corrected; and thousands of single-nucleotide errors have been corrected. Our evaluation using independent metrics demonstrates that the resulting assembly is substantially more accurate and complete than alternative versions. Conclusions: By using independent mapping data and conserved synteny between the cow and human genomes, we were able to construct an assembly with excellent large-scale contiguity in which a large majority (approximately 91%) of the genome has been placed onto the 30 B. taurus chromosomes. We constructed a new cow-human synteny map that expands upon previous maps. We also identified for the first time a portion of the B. taurus Y chromosome. © 2009 Zimin et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd

Study of Inclusive J/psi Production in Two-Photon Collisions at LEP II with the DELPHI Detector

Inclusive J/psi production in photon-photon collisions has been observed at LEP II beam energies. A clear signal from the reaction gamma gamma -> J/psi+X is seen. The number of observed N(J/psi -> mu+mu-) events is 36 +/- 7 for an integrated luminosity of 617 pb^{-1}, yielding a cross-section of sigma(J/psi+X) = 45 +/- 9 (stat) +/- 17 (syst) pb. Based on a study of the event shapes of different types of gamma gamma processes in the PYTHIA program, we conclude that (74 +/- 22)% of the observed J/psi events are due to `resolved' photons, the dominant contribution of which is most probably due to the gluon content of the photon.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, Accepted by Phys. Lett.

Measurement and Interpretation of Fermion-Pair Production at LEP energies above the Z Resonance

This paper presents DELPHI measurements and interpretations of cross-sections, forward-backward asymmetries, and angular distributions, for the e+e- -> ffbar process for centre-of-mass energies above the Z resonance, from sqrt(s) ~ 130 - 207 GeV at the LEP collider. The measurements are consistent with the predictions of the Standard Model and are used to study a variety of models including the S-Matrix ansatz for e+e- -> ffbar scattering and several models which include physics beyond the Standard Model: the exchange of Z' bosons, contact interactions between fermions, the exchange of gravitons in large extra dimensions and the exchange of sneutrino in R-parity violating supersymmetry.Comment: 79 pages, 16 figures, Accepted by Eur. Phys. J.