274 research outputs found

    Josef Ziegler: I ambon i propovjedaonica

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    Fra Frano Doljanin (prijevod

    Josef Ziegler: I ambon i propovjedaonica

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    Fra Frano Doljanin (prijevod

    BeschĂ€ftigungswirkung neugegrĂŒndeter Betriebe

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    "In der Arbeit wird die BeschĂ€ftigungsentwicklung von Betrieben, die 1985 in MĂŒnchen und Oberbayern gegrĂŒndet wurden, wĂ€hrend der ersten vier Jahre ihres Bestehens verfolgt. Durch diese neuen Unternehmen entstand im Jahre 1985 ein Stellenzuwachs von etwa 3,5%. Die Zahl neugeschaffener Stellen wurde wĂ€hrend des Beobachtungszeitraumes noch erhöht. Dabei zeigt sich, daß hinter diesem Nettoanstieg wesentlich umfangreichere Bruttoströme von StellenzuwĂ€chsen (durch betriebliches Wachstum) und Stellenabbau (durch Schließung und Schrumpfung von Unternehmen) stehen. Weitere Analysen zeigen, daß die BeschĂ€ftigungsentwicklung nicht in allen Gruppen positiv verlĂ€uft: Betriebe weiblicher GrĂŒnder und solche von zuvor nicht erwerbstĂ€tigen Personen (Arbeitslose, Hausfrauen, Rentner, usw.) zeigen wĂ€hrend des Untersuchungszeitraums eine abnehmende BeschĂ€ftigungstendenz. Dies ist weitgehend auf eine zu schwache Wachstumsdynamik dieser Gruppen von Unternehmen zurĂŒckzufĂŒhren, weshalb die Stellenverluste nicht kompensiert werden können. DemgegenĂŒber zeigt insbesondere die Gruppe der innovativen Firmen eine auffallend starke Wachstumsdynamik, die sich auch in deutlichen BeschĂ€ftigungseffekten niederschlĂ€gt. Zum Schluß werden einige wirtschaftspolitische Implikationen der Befunde diskutiert." (Autorenreferat, IAB-Doku)UnternehmensgrĂŒndung, BeschĂ€ftigungseffekte, MĂŒnchen, Oberbayern, Bayern, Bundesrepublik Deutschland

    Cognitive Reserve in Young and Old Healthy Subjects: Differences and Similarities in a Testing-the-Limits Paradigm with DSST

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    Cognitive reserve (CR) is understood as capacity to cope with challenging conditions, e. g. after brain injury or in states of brain dysfunction, or age-related cognitive decline. CR in elderly subjects has attracted much research interest, but differences between healthy older and younger subjects have not been addressed in detail hitherto. Usually, one-time standard individual assessments are used to characterise CR. Here we observe CR as individual improvement in cognitive performance (gain) in a complex testing-the-limits paradigm, the digit symbol substitution test (DSST),with 10 repeated measurements, in 140 younger (20-30 yrs) and 140 older (57-74 yrs) healthy subjects. In addition, we assessed attention, memory and executive function, and mood and personality traits as potential influence factors for CR. We found that both, younger and older subjects showed significant gains, which were significantly correlated with speed of information processing, verbal short-term memory and visual problem solving in the older group only. Gender, personality traits and mood did not significantly influence gains in either group. Surprisingly about half of the older subjects performed at the level of the younger group, suggesting that interindividual differences in CR are possibly age-independent. We propose that these findings may also be understood as indication that one-time standard individual measurements do not allow assessment of CR, and that the use of DSST in a testing-the-limits paradigm is a valuable assessment method for CR in young and elderly subjects

    Sodium, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus

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    Sodium, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines, and blood pressure in diabetes mellitus. Interrelations among plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone and Cortisol levels, blood volume, exchangeable sodium, urinary catecholamines, and blood pressure were studied in 35 normal subjects and 60 age-matched non-azotemic patients with diabetes mellitus (60% with hypertension, 15% with orthostatic hypotension). Basal PRA, plasma aldosterone, cortisol, blood volume, plasma potassium, and urinary electrolytes were comparable in diabetic and normal subjects. Diabetic patients, however, had a 10% increase in body sodium (P < 0.01), and 8% of them showed normal postural PRA responses and subnormal aldosterone responses; 22% had subnormal PRA and normal aldosterone responses, and 17% had subnormal responses of PRA and aldosterone. Non-PRA-related aldosterone responses could not be explained by ACTH or electrolytes. Orthostatic decreases in blood pressure correlated (P < 0.01) with both catecholamine excretion and basal PRA. This suggests that in diabetes mellitus, body sodium is increased. Basal PRA and plasma aldosterone are usually normal, but their postural responses are frequently impaired. Absent aldosterone responses, despite normal PRA responsiveness, may reflect an adrenal abnormality or an ineffective form of renin. Marked postural aldosterone stimulation, unrelated to PRA, ACTH, or electrolytes, points to a potent unknown factor in aldosterone control. Low levels of free peripheral catecholamines and PRA may be complementary factors contributing to postural hypotension.Sodium, rĂ©nine, aldostĂ©rone, catĂ©cholamines et pression artĂ©rielle dans le diabĂštĂ© sucrĂ©. Les inter-relations entre l'activitĂ© rĂ©nine plasmatique (PRA), les concentrations d'aldostĂ©rone et de cortisol, le volume sanguin, le sodium Ă©changeable, les catĂ©cholamines urinaires et la pression artĂ©rielle ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©es chez 35 sujets normaux et 60 malades atteints de diabĂ©tĂ©, sans insuffisance rĂ©nale et dont les Ăąges Ă©taient appariĂ©s (60% avaient une hypertension et 15% une hypotension orthostatique). La PRA de base, l'aldostĂ©rone et le Cortisol plasmatiques, le volume sanguin, le potassium plasmatique et les Ă©lectrolytes urinaires Ă©taient comparables chez les diabĂ©tiques et les sujets normaux. Les malades diabĂ©tiques, cependant, ont une augmentation de 10% de leur sodium corporel (P < 0,01). Huit pour cent d'entre eux ont une rĂ©ponse posturale de PRA normale et une rĂ©ponse de l'aldostĂ©rone infĂ©rieure Ă  la normale, 22% ont une rĂ©ponse de PRA infĂ©rieure Ă  la normale et une reponse de l'aldosterone normale, et 17% ont des rĂ©ponses de PRA et de l'aldostĂ©rone infĂ©rieures Ă  la normale. Les rĂ©ponses de l'aldostĂ©rone sans rapport avec PRA ne peuvent pas ĂȘtre expliquĂ©es par l'ACTH ou les Ă©lectrolytes. Les diminutions de la pression artĂ©rielle liĂ©es Ă  l'orthostatisme sont correlĂ©es (P < 0,01) Ă  la fois avec l'excrĂ©tion de catĂ©cholamines et la PRA de base. Ceci suggĂ©re qu'au cours du diabĂ©te le sodium corporel est augmentĂ©. La PRA et l'aldosterone de base sont souvent normales mais leur rĂ©ponse posturale est souvent modifiĂ©e. L'absence de rĂ©ponse de l'aldosterone malgrĂ© une rĂ©ponse normale de PRA peut traduire une anomalie surrĂ©nale ou une forme de rĂ©nine inefficace. Une stimulation posturale importante de l'aldostĂ©rone non expliquĂ©e par la PRA, l'ACTH ou les Ă©lectrolytes oriente vers un facteur inconnu mais puissant du contrĂŽle de la sĂ©crĂ©tion d'aldostĂ©rone. Des concentrations basses de catĂ©cholamines libres et une PRA basse peuvent ĂȘtre des facteurs complĂ©mentaires qui participent Ă  l'hypotension posturale
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