Monte-Carlo simulation of clinical and economic effectiveness of drugs (on example of antibiotics therapy of acute bronchitis with bronchospasm in children)

The study objective was to determine which antibiotics are optimal in the treatment of children with complicated acute bronchitis with bronchospasm. For that, a Monte-Carlo simulation was conducte

Methodology for determining the correlation of the clinical efficacy of therapy with the addition of a drug (for example, anti-asthma therapy in children)

Methodology for determining the correlation of the clinical efficacy of therapy with the addition of a drug (on example, clinical efficacy of montelukast in an anti-asthmatic therapy in pediatric patients

Ecological consequences of the playgrounds' reconstruction of specialized "park-stadium Khimmash", in Yekaterinburg

In connection with the World Cup in 2018 in the Russian Federation, including the qualifying matches of the World Championship in Yekaterinburg, the Government of the Sverdlovsk Regiondecided to place a training ground on the territory of the "Park-stadium Khimmash". For this purpose, a sports field reconstruction project was created and implemented. The article is devoted to the assessment of negative consequences for plantings of the "Park-stadium Khimmash" in Yekaterinburg as a result of the construction, which led to the destruction of 388 trees, 95 of them are pine trees. The park historically originated on the site of a natural pine plantation. Cutting down so many trees led to further disintegration of the stand. According to the project, the replacement of felled large park trees of pine and birch by willow and apple trees is recommended, which led to the destruction of natural landscapes that have survived in the urban environment. At the same time, not only the aesthetic perception is worsened, but the ecological criteria of the industrial area of the city are also reduced. First of all, the oxygen-producing possibilities of the plantation decreased, which is reflected in the economic assessment of the consequences. © 2019 IOP Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved

Modeling Drug Resistance Emergence and Transmission in HIV-1 in the UK

A deeper understanding of HIV-1 transmission and drug resistance mechanisms can lead to improvements in current treatment policies. However, the rates at which HIV-1 drug resistance mutations (DRMs) are acquired and which transmitted DRMs persist are multi-factorial and vary considerably between different mutations. We develop a method for the estimation of drug resistance acquisition and transmission patterns. The method uses maximum likelihood ancestral character reconstruction informed by treatment roll-out dates and allows for the analysis of very large datasets. We apply our method to transmission trees reconstructed on the data obtained from the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database to make predictions for known DRMs. Our results show important differences between DRMs, in particular between polymorphic and non-polymorphic DRMs and between the B and C subtypes. Our estimates of reversion times, based on a very large number of sequences, are compatible but more accurate than those already available in the literature, with narrower confidence intervals. We consistently find that large resistance clusters are associated with polymorphic DRMs and DRMs with long loss times, which require special surveillance. As in other high-income countries (e.g., Switzerland), the prevalence of sequences with DRMs is decreasing, but among these, the fraction of transmitted resistance is clearly increasing compared to the fraction of acquired resistance mutations. All this indicates that efforts to monitor these mutations and the emergence of resistance clusters in the population must be maintained in the long term

Phytoindication assessment of the effect of reconstruction on the light regime of an urban park

The ecological restoration of urban parks is used to increase their recreational attractiveness, improve air quality, mitigate urban heat island effects, improve stormwater infiltration, and provide other social and environmental benefits. The dynamics of plant communities after urban forest restoration requires investigation. The study assessed the impact of urban park reconstruction on the state of grass cover, phytoindication of changes in light regime caused by park reconstruction and found out the dependence of reliability of phytoindication assessment on the number of species in the relevant area. The study was conducted in the recreational area of the Botanical Garden of the Oles Honchar Dnipro National University (Ukraine). A tree plantation was created after the Second World War in the location of a natural oak forest. In 2019, a 2.8 ha area of the park was reconstructed. The samples were taken within polygons, two of which were placed in the reconstruction area and two of which were placed in a similar section of the park where no reconstruction was performed. During the reconstruction process, walkways were rebuilt, shrubs were removed, old, damaged trees were removed, and tree crowns were trimmed. Juvenile trees were planted in place of the removed old trees. Old outbuildings, which greatly impaired the aesthetic perception of the park, were also removed. Transport and construction machinery was involved in the reconstruction. A total of 65 plant species were found within the studied polygons. The number of herbaceous species in the park area after reconstruction was higher than without reconstruction. The crown closure in the reconstructed area was significantly lower than that in the untreated conditions. The phytoindication assessment showed that the light regime varies from the conditions suitable for the scyophytes (plants of typical foliage forests) to the conditions suitable for the sub-heliophytes (plants of light forests and shrubberies, or high herbaceous communities; lower layers are in the shade). The light regime in the park area after reconstruction was statistically significantly different from the regime in the untreated park area. The lighting regime after the reconstruction was favourable to sub-heliophytes, and without reconstruction the regime favoured hemi-scyophytes. Tree canopy crown closure negatively correlated with grass height and herbaceous layer projective cover. The tree canopy crown closure, grass height, and herbaceous layer projective cover were able to explain 86% of the phytoindication assessment of the lighting regime variation. These parameters negatively affected the light regime. The prospect of further research is to investigate the dependence of indicative reliability of the assessment of other environmental factors with the help of phytoindication depending on the number of species. In addition to the indication of traditional ecological factors it is of particular interest to clarify the aspect of the dynamics of hemeroby indicators as a result of park reconstruction

Can activation of TLR3 induce apoptosis in patients with miscarriages?

Objective - to estimate influence of TLR3 activation on apoptosis proteins in endometrium in patients with miscarriages and missed abortion

ESTIMATED RESERVES AND ESTIMATED LIABILITIES: THE PROBLEM OF INTERPRETATION IN THE SYSTEM OF RUSSIAN LEGAL REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING

The Russian legal framework for accounting of estimated reserves and estimated liabilities of commercial organizations for the existing terminology space, the problems of correlation of the economic essence of these accounting categories and current legislation, the value of correct application of terminology in accounting (financial) statements for a wide range of stakeholders has been analysed. Special attention has been paid to the distinctive features of estimated reserves and estimated liabilities in the prism of their economic essence. Based on the results of the study, proposals regarding the interpretation of the concepts of “estimated reserve” and “estimated liability” in the implementation of the program to reform the Russian system of legal regulation of accounting and preparation of accounting (financial) statements have been formulated

The small-scale variation of herb-layer community structure in a riparian mixed forest

The ground vegetation layer is the most diverse plant community in forest ecosystems. We have shown the role of spatial variables, soil properties and overstorey structure in spatial variation of the herb-layer community in a riparian mixed forest . The research was conducted in the "Dnipro-Orils’kiy" Nature Reserve (Ukraine). The research polygon was located in the forest in the floodplain of the River Protich, which is a left tributary of the River Dnipro. Plant abundance was quantified by measuring cover within an experimental polygon. The experimental polygon consisted of 7 transects, each comprising 15 test points. The distance between the rows in the site was 3 m. At the site we established a plot of 45 × 21 m, with 105 subplots of 3 × 3 m organized in a regular grid. A list of vascular plant species was composed for each 3 × 3 m subplot along with visual estimates of species cover projection. The plant community was represented by 43 species, of which 18.6% were phanerophytes, 39.5% were hemicryptophytes, 9.3% were therophytes, 7.0% were geophytes. An overall test of random labelling revealed the total nonrandom distribution of the tree stems within the site. The species-specific test of random labelling showed the nonrandom segregated distribution of Acer tataricum, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur, and Ulmus laevis. Crataegus monogyna and Euonymus europaeus were distributed randomly. The nearest neighbour of Acer tataricum was less likely to be Ulmus laevis. There was no direct spatial connection between Acer tataricum and other trees. Crataegus monogyna, Pyrus communis, Quercus robur and Euonymus europaeus were not segregated from all other species. The nearest neighbour of Ulmus laevis was less likely to be Acer tataricum. Constrained correspondence analysis (CCA) was applied as ordination approach. The forward selection procedure allowed us to select 6 soil variables which explain 28.3% of the herb-layer community variability. The list of the important soil variables includes soil mechanical impedance (at the depth 0–5, 30–35, 75–80, and 95–10 cm), soil moisture, and soil bulk density. The variation explained by pure spatial variables accounted for 11.0 %. The majority of the tree-distance structured variation in plant community composition was broad-scaled. The spatial scalograms were left-skewed asymmetric. Significant relationship was found between the pure spatial component of the community variation and a number of phytoindicator estimations, most important of which were the variability of damping and humidity. Tree stand was obseerved to be a considerable factor structuring both the herb-layer community and spatial variation of the physical properties of soil