Las finanzas corporativas y su implicancia en el desarrollo de las micro y pequeñas empresas - Huánuco Perú 2011

Whereas the responsibility of society as a whole to establish fair balance points for micro an small entrepreneurs, who go to the instances of financial institutions for funding. The formulated objectives and hypotheses have been achieved and tested using inferential statistics, following strictly the scientific method. Informality rates are very high and companies do not seem to be interested in formalized by the high costs that the process entails. Access to financial credit is the main problem, for the modest investment in a micro business, and in many cases do not get appropriate qualification to enable them to participate in the credit market; on the contrary to present guarantor or without them, interest rates are higher than recorded inflation annually. The above suggests that the main problems of MYPES are the result of stabilization policy and accelerated trade liberalization. The degree of development attained by Micro and Small enterprises in Huánuco, is acceptable and do not obey the use of lines of corporate financing. The lack of uniform promotion, that is, discrimination observed by company and sector sizes, highlight the existence of inadequate economic policies and lacking of a comprehensive approach to support MYPES. The study concludes that corporate finance, contributes to an efficient financial management of the activities and expectations of Micro and Small Enterprises in Huánuco.Considerando la responsabilidad de la sociedad en su conjunto para establecer puntos de equilibrio justo para los micro y pequeños empresarios, quienes acuden a las instancias de las instituciones financieras en busca de financiamiento. Los objetivos formulados y las hipótesis planteadas, han sido alcanzadas y probadas haciendo uso de la estadística Inferencial, siguiendo rigurosamente el método científico. Las tasas de informalidad son muy altas y las empresas parecen no estar interesadas en formalizarse por los altos costos que el trámite acarrea. El acceso al crédito financiero es el problema principal, por lo modesto de la inversión en una micro empresa, estas en muchos casos no obtienen calificación adecuada que les permita participar del mercado crediticio; mas por el contrario al presentar garantes o sin ellos, las tasas de interés son superiores a la que registra la inflación anualmente. De lo anterior se deduce que los principales problemas de las MYPES son consecuencia de la política de estabilización y de la apertura comercial acelerada. Él grado de desarrollo alcanzado por las Micro y Pequeñas empresas en el departamento de Huánuco, es aceptable y no obedecen al uso de líneas de financiamiento corporativo. La falta de promoción uniforme, es decir, la discriminación observada por tamaños de empresas y de sectores, pone de relieve la existencia de una política económica inadecuada y carente de un enfoque integral de apoyo a las MYPES. El estudio concluye que las finanzas corporativas, contribuye para una eficiente gestión financiera de las actividades y expectativas de las Micro y pequeñas empresas en el departamento de Huánuco

La responsabilidad social empresarial en las estrategias de desarrollo del gobierno peruano: propuestas de la Carta de Navegación y el sector privado

Presenta las exposiciones de expertos acerca de la responsabilidad social en las empresas peruanas, en el marco de la XLVII Reunión de Intercampus

Association between gender and receipt of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in stroke patients from Puerto Rico

Introduction: Stroke is the fifth principal cause of death in the United States and Puerto Rico and a prime cause of adult disability. Women tend to have worse outcomes post-stroke. Initial diagnoses and management of stroke include the use of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance image (MRI) scans. MRI scans are more sensitive and more specific than CT scans. Still, CT scans are used more commonly. Whether differences in the choice of imaging techniques exists for gender and whether that can be a potential reason for gender differences in post-stroke outcomes it is yet unknown. The study is directed to evaluate the association between gender and receipt of a MRI in stroke patients in the Puerto Rico population. Methods: We did a secondary analysis of data collected from patients who suffered from a stroke and who participated in the Puerto Rican Cardiovascular Surveillance System (PRCSS) in 2007, 2009 and 2011. The main independent variable was gender (male and female). The dependent variable will be receipt of a MRI (alone or in combination with any other imaging modality as recorded in the medical charts). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess for the independent associations. P-value < 0.05 for a two tailed test was considered to be statistically significant. SPSS software was used for analysis. Results: A total of 1,950 patients suffered from an ischemic stroke and participated at the PRCSS. We excluded 595 patients due to BMI ≥35 (n=135) or no recorded BMI (n=460). MRI was used for 50% of participants. Women were 85% less likely to receive a MRI compared to men in both the unadjusted (OR-0.85, 95% CI=0.11-0.20, p-value <0.001) and after adjusting for BMI, age, marital status, hypertension, and transient ischemic attacks (TIA) (OR=0.15; 95%CI: 0.11-0.20). No other variables assessed had significant independent association with the receipt of a MRI. Conclusions: We found evidence of gender disparities in the receipt of MRI during hospitalization for stroke in patients in the Puerto Rico. Women were less likely to receive MRI compared to men. Further research on potential reasons for such dispairites, increasing awareness, and testing intervention as to decrease these potential disparities are needed

Diabetes and atypical presentations of patients hospitalized for an acute myocardial infarction in Puerto Rico

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest growing health issues concerning the world today with an estimated 382 million individuals affected as of 2013 and a projected increase in number to 592 million by 2035. Diabetes mellitus is a condition affecting 12-15% of the population or around 400,000 people in Puerto Rico. The most common presenting complaint of diabetics who are hospitalized for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is chest pain. However, the pervasiveness of atypical symptoms in diabetic patients is yet unclear. The aim of this study is to determine if there is an association between diabetes and the presentation of atypical symptoms in the emergency room in those suffering from an AMI in Puerto Rico. Methods: We conducted a secondary data analysis of data from participants from the 2007, 2009 and 2011 Puerto Rico Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance system (PRCDS), an observational, non-concurrent, cross-sectional study. The main independent variable was presence of diabetes mellitus (Type I and Type II). The outcome was the presence of atypical symptoms at the time of presentation, defined as the absence of chest pain on admission. The prevalence of atypical symptoms in diabetic patients and non-diabetic patients was compared. Binary logistic regression was used to test for independent association. Statistical significance was considered for p-values ≤0.05 for a two-tailed test. Analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Results: We found no association between atypical presentation of an AMI and diabetes, before or after adjustment for age, gender, congestive heart failure, stroke history and BMI. (unadjusted OR= 1.0, 95%CI=0.7-1.4 and adjusted OR=1.0, 95% CI=0.6-1.5). Other independent associations identified were that patients older than 75 were 3.5 times more likely to present atypically than people younger than 55 (OR= 3.5, 95% CI=1.6-7.6), and those with CHF and stroke were more likely to present with atypical symptoms (OR=3.2, 95% CI=1.7-6.1 and OR=4.2 95% CI=2.1-8.4, respectively). Lastly, overweight patients were 3.3 times more likely to present atypically than healthy weight patients (OR=2.0, 95% CI=0.6-7.0). Conclusion: We found no evidence of an association between diabetes and the presentation of atypical symptoms in patients hospitalized for AMI in Puerto Rico

Hispanic ethnicity and survival in pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia (all) patients in Florida

Introduction: Pediatric cancer mortality rates have drastically declined according to analyzed population-based surveillance data; however, incidences of most childhood cancers continue to rise. Recent studies have indicated an association between ethnicity/race and cancer survival. Florida's ethnically/racially diverse population and surging pediatric cancer incidence characterize the state as an ideal setting to study the association between ethnicity/race and pediatric cancer survival. Objective: To determine whether or not an association exists between Hispanic ethnicity and cancer survival in a Floridian population of pediatric patients with Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL). Methods: We will use data from participants 18 years or younger of Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS). Cox-proportional hazard regression was used to assess independent association between Hispanic ethnicity and time to death (time interval from diagnose of ALL to the last patient contact, as recorded in the database). Survival status (death or alive) was assessed at the date of last contact. Those who are alive at last contact were then censored. Results: In the unadjusted model, ethnicity was not associated with risk of death (HR= 0.87, 95% CI=0.73 - 1.04). After adjustment for sex, race, age at diagnosis, insurance status, geographic area, and immunophenotype) the results showed again no association between Hispanic ethnicity and survival (HR = 1.19, 95% CI=0.82 - 1.72). Conclusions: We found no evidence for differences in survival based on ethnic status. Potential difference in racial-survival disparities in pediatric ALL within various geographic regions might depend on Hispanic ancestries or cancer type. Further research on the topic is still deemed necessary as to clarify the nature of the association between ethnicity and cancer survival

Dose-dependent effects of dietary nitrate on the oxygen cost of moderate-intensity exercise: Acute vs. chronic supplementation

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordPURPOSE: To investigate whether chronic supplementation with a low or moderate dose of dietary nitrate (NO3(-)) reduces submaximal exercise oxygen uptake (V˙O2) and to assess whether or not this is dependent on acute NO3(-) administration prior to exercise. METHODS: Following baseline tests, 34 healthy subjects were allocated to receive 3 mmol NO3(-), 6 mmol NO3(-) or placebo. Two hours following the first ingestion, and after 7, 28 and 30 days of supplementation, subjects completed two moderate-intensity step exercise tests. On days 28 and 30, subjects in the NO3(-) groups completed the test 2 h post consumption of a NO3(-) dose (CHR + ACU) and a placebo dose (CHR). RESULTS: Plasma nitrite concentration ([NO2(-)]) was elevated in a dose-dependent manner at 2 h, 7 days and 28-30 days on the CHR + ACU visit. Compared to pre-treatment baseline, 6 mmol NO3(-) reduced the steady-state V˙O2 during moderate-intensity exercise by 3% at 2 h (P = 0.06), 7 days and at 28-30 days (both P < 0.05) on the CHR + ACU visit, but was unaffected by 3 mmol NO3(-) at all measurement points. On the CHR visit in the 6 mmol group, plasma [NO2(-)] had returned to pre-treatment baseline, but the steady-state V˙O2 remained reduced. CONCLUSION: Up to ∼4 weeks supplementation with 6 but not 3 mmol NO3(-) can reduce submaximal exercise V˙O2. A comparable reduction in submaximal exercise V˙O2 following chronic supplementation with 6 mmol NO3(-) can be achieved both with and without the acute ingestion of NO3(-) and associated elevation of plasma [NO2(-)].Financial support for this study was provided by the Gatorade Sports Science Institute, a division of PepsiCo, Inc. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position or policy of PepsiCo, Inc

As (i)limitações da pesquisa histórica em educação

Believe in meBecause I don't believe in anythingAnd I want to be someone to believe.Counting Crows" Mr Jones" in August and everything.Em termos gerais, este trabalho se deriva da necessidade de compreender o significado irrestrito da pesquisa histórica. Assim, questões relativas ao próprio conceito, às abordagens, aos fatos do passado e às fontes e suas respectivas críticas, fizeram parte de um todo que foi visto com uma curiosidade reconceitualizante. A partir desse intuito se traçou o objetivo maior que norteou os passos deste estudo: Delinear as características teórico-metodológicas da inquirição histórica entendida como uma atividade de autêntica reconstrução do passado

In-hospital mortality of non-st segment elevation myocardial infarction in a Puerto Rican population

Introduction: Currently, there is limited published information on in-hospital mortality regarding ST segment elevation and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. This information is even scarcer on the Hispanic population. We aim to study if there is a difference on in-hospital mortality between ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in a mostly Hispanic population. Methods: A secondary data analysis of a non-concurrent prospective study was performed using the Puerto Rican Heart Attack study database. Dependent variable was in-hospital mortality and independent variable was type of myocardial infarction (STEMI or NSTEMI). We conducted, sequentially, a descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis. The chi-squared test was used to compare categorical variables and t-test for continuous variables. Finally, a logistic regression model was used to perform the multivariate analysis. Results: From the 838 Puerto Rican patients hospitalized with ST classification, 310 (37%) were diagnosed with STEMI. Patients with STEMI were younger (65 years vs 68 years; p=0.008), more likely to receive invasive treatment (47.9% vs 27.5%, p&lt;0.001), and less likely to have a history of hypertension (72.5% vs 79.0%, p=0.033) compared to NSTEMI patients. For every 1- year increase in age, there is a 4% increase in in-hospital mortality. Patients with hyperlipidemia were approximately two times more likely to die in the hospital compared to patients without hyperlipidemia. In the unadjusted analysis, there was no significant association between STEMI and NSTEMI patients and in-hospital mortality. After adjusting for confounders, patients with STEMI had twice the risk of dying than those with NSTEMI. Conclusions: Findings from this study suggest that Puerto Ricans with STEMI have double the risk of in-hospital mortality than NSTEMI patients. Our findings were similar to those reported in the literature. A timely recognition of at-risk patients, especially among STEMI patients, may help reduce short-term morality among patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction in Puerto Rico