891 research outputs found

    Introductions

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    This is the introduction to the book with the overall description: This is a critical time in design. Concepts and practices of design are changing in response to historical developments in the modes of industrial design production and consumption. Indeed, the imperative of more sustainable development requires profound reconsideration of design today. Theoretical foundations and professional definitions are at stake, with consequences for institutions such as museums and universities as well as for future practitioners. This is ‘critical’ on many levels, from the urgent need to address societal and environmental issues to the reflexivity required to think and do design differently

    Concluding dialogue

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    This is a chapter in a book with the overall description: This is a critical time in design. Concepts and practices of design are changing in response to historical developments in the modes of industrial design production and consumption. Indeed, the imperative of more sustainable development requires profound reconsideration of design today. Theoretical foundations and professional definitions are at stake, with consequences for institutions such as museums and universities as well as for future practitioners. This is ‘critical’ on many levels, from the urgent need to address societal and environmental issues to the reflexivity required to think and do design differently

    Discursos relacionados a las masculinidades y la violencia en adolescentes escolarizados de AsunciĂłn

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    El presente trabajo de investigación pretende describir y analizar los diferentes discursos en torno a las masculinidades, las estrategias del ejercicio del poder y sus significados en un grupo de adolescentes varones escolarizados en la ciudad de Asunción. Para ello se realizó un estudio cualitativo de tipo exploratorio, la muestra fue por conveniencia (40 adolescentes). La información recolectada fue a través de entrevistas en grupo focales. El anålisis de la información fue mediante el anålisis de contenido, desde una perspectiva semåntica y centrada en las narrativas. Los resultados muestran discursos orientados a uno mismo (deber ser) y a los demås (deber hacer), existiendo tensión entre ambas dimensiones. Se percibe ventajas y costos en cuanto a ser varón, y los costos son parte de la lucha constante en la conquista de una masculinidad que siempre estå bajo sospecha. Los principales escenarios de masculinización percibidos son la familia y la institución educativa, y espacios alternativos como las calle. Los grupos de socialización son los padres/madres, y sobre todo el grupo de pares y las mujeres. El origen de la masculinidad se percibe como un proceso de aprendizaje (posición construccionista) y por resultado de la naturaleza (posición esencialista) y las dinåmicas familiares se destaca la figura del varón: dominante, paternalista, democråtica. En cuanto a las relaciones con los demås se destaca tipologías de expresión de la masculinidad: hegemónica/dominante, subordinada y flexible/democråtica y con las mujeres una postura misógina, paternalista o equitativa. La violencia es percibida como reactiva, situacional y orientada a resultados. Atribución externa al fenómeno lo que dificulta la responsabilidad. Se concluye que estos discursos no son eståticos ni excluyentes, se solapan y se expresan de acuerdo a los contextos y las personas en él. La construcción de estas masculinidades se realiza dentro de una compleja red de interacciones y en relación a los otros evaluando constantemente ciertos atributos y en función a ello asumir una posición en el orden social, siendo el ejercicio de la violencia funcional al logro de estos objetivos

    Conifers – The urban trees of the future? : a study of the impact of climate change on coniferous in Malmö in year 2100

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    Uppsatsen presenterar en litteraturstudie av klimatförÀndringarnas konsekvenser för stadstrÀd i Malmö till Är 2100, med fokus pÄ stÀdsegröna barrtrÀd. För att förhindra en framtid dÀr vi mÄste byta ut en stor andel klimatmÀssigt missgynnade stadstrÀd Àr det viktigt, bÄde ekologiskt och ekonomiskt, att ta reda pÄ vilka arter som kommer klara de förÀndrande förutsÀttningarna som framtidsklimatet för med sig. Studien har fokus pÄ stÀdsegröna barrtrÀd för att ta reda pÄ om dessa kan ha ett större klimatmÀssigt vÀrde Àn lövtrÀd, och dÀrför med fördel anvÀndas i hanteringen av klimatförÀndringarna. Vid slutet av seklet kommer Malmös Ärsmedeltemperatur enligt SMHI:s berÀkningar ha stigit frÄn 8.4 °C till +13 °C vilket ger en lÀngre vegetationsperiod och i huvudsak milda, regniga vintrar och heta, torra somrar med intensiva vÀrmeböljor. De klimatfaktorer som behandlas i uppsatsen Àr de som kommer ha konsekvenser för trÀds vÀxtfysiologiska aspekter: temperatur, nederbörd, torka och vegetationsperiodens lÀngd. Resultaten visar att torktÄliga arter med lÀmpliga strategier för att hantera torkstress Àr bland det viktigaste egenskaperna för stadstrÀd i Malmö Är 2100. Hur trÀdens invintring och vintervila kommer pÄverkas av det förÀndrade klimatet utreds inte fullt ut dÄ det Àr ett aktuellt forskningsomrÄde vilket gör det svÄrt att i denna litteraturstudie ge ett entydigt svar. StÀdsegröna barrtrÀden har en god förmÄga att hantera perioder av torka pÄ grund av en flexibel fotosyntes, lÄngsam transpiration, tjock kutikula och mindre blad. StÀdsegröna barrtrÀd kan lindra effekten av klimatförÀndringarna mer effektiv Àn lövfÀllande lövtrÀd nÀr det gÀller dagvattenhantering, absorbering av luftföroreningar samt frÀmjande av biologisk mÄngfald. Detta beror pÄ barrtrÀdens vintergröna krona som gör att trÀdets klimatförbÀttrande funktioner kan erbjudas Äret runt och inte bara under vegetationsperioden. BetrÀffande trÀdens temperaturreglerande förmÄga via transpiration presterar barrtrÀd emellertid sÀmre Àn lövtrÀd.This thesis presents a literature study of the impact of climate change on city trees in Malmö in year 2100 with the main focus on evergreen coniferous trees. In order to prevent a future where we have to replace a large proportion of city trees due to their disadvantage with respect to the climate, it is important both ecologically and economically, to find out which species that will manage the changing conditions that the future climate will bring. The study focuses on conifers to find out if these can alleviate the effects of climate change better than deciduous trees, and therefore could be at an advantage in the management of climate change. By the end of this century, Malmö's mean annual temperature will have risen from 8.4 ° C to +13 ° C according to SMHI's calculations. This will cause a longer growing period and mainly mild, rainy winters and hot dry summers with intense heatwaves. The climate factors studied in this thesis are those that will have consequences for the physiological aspects of the tree: temperature, precipitation, drought and the length of the growing period. The results show that dry-resistant species with appropriate strategies for managing drought stress are among the most important characteristics of city trees in Malmö in 2100. How grow cessation and dormancy development of the trees will be affected by climate change is not fully investigated since it is a current research area which makes it difficult to address in this thesis. Coniferous trees have a good ability to handle periods of drought due to flexible photosynthesis, slow transpiration, thick cuticle and smaller leaves. Conifers can manage the effect of climate change more efficiently than deciduous trees in terms of storm water management, absorption of air pollution and the support of biodiversity. This is due to the evergreen canopy of coniferous trees, which allows the tree's climate-enhancing features to be offered all year round and not just during the growing period. Regarding the trees cooling effect through transpiration, conifers perform poorer than deciduous trees

    The future of libraries in the mobile world

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    Modern cell phones are full of applications wanting to communicate with library systems. Currently there are over 100.000 apps and thousands of them have something to do with books.What are the implications for libraries and library technology development

    Vikten av belysningsplanering för mÀnniskans hÀlsa

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    Det blir allt vanligare att kommuner upprĂ€ttar en belysningsplan eller belysningsstrategi. För att kommunen ska kunna fĂ„ ut den bĂ€sta belysningen för invĂ„nare och besökare bör vissa kriterier finnas med samt att planen bör ha en platsförankring. Vem Ă€r det som ska vistas i nattlandskapet? Hur ska platser brukas nĂ€r dagsljuset försvunnit för dagen? MĂ€nniskan Ă€r komplex i sitt uttryck och ingen person fungerar pĂ„ samma sĂ€tt som en annan- vĂ„ra egenskaper Ă€r en produkt av tidigare och nuvarande erfarenheter och upplevelser, detta bĂ€r vi med oss under livets gĂ„ng. MĂ€nniskors olikheter till trots sĂ„ har det i ett flertal studier pĂ„visats att mĂ„nga kĂ€nner en otrygghet i mörkret och vill hellre gĂ„ lĂ€ngs en vĂ€l upplyst trafikerad vĂ€g Ă€n genom ett parkstrĂ„k. Om vĂ„rt stadsrum inte ljussĂ€tts kommer det att begrĂ€nsa invĂ„narnas möjlighet att röra sig fritt i nattlandskapet och dĂ€rmed minska den sociala interaktionen och mĂ€nniskors aktivitet under mörka delar av Ă„ret. Hur ska en planerare ljussĂ€tta för att öka trygghetskĂ€nslan pĂ„ platsen och tillgĂ€ngliggöra stadsrummet alla tider om Ă„ret? Vilka belysningsfaktorer pĂ„verkar hur sinnena uppfattar ett mörkerrum? Syftet med arbetet har varit att bidra till en ökad förstĂ„else för hur svenska kommuner tar fram fakta och arbetar med belysningsplanering samt hur planeringen kommer till uttryck i formulerade belysningsplansdokument med sĂ€rskilt fokus pĂ„ upplevelse och hĂ€lsoaspekter. Genom en litteraturstudie och att genomföra en granskning av ett urval av kommuners belysningsplaner har jag försökt komma underfund med vad som krĂ€vs för att invĂ„naren ska fĂ„ ett sĂ„ optimalt belyst stadsrum som möjligt. Vad finns det för faktorer som ökar möjligheten till aktivitet och rörelsefrihet de mörka timmarna under dygnet? En av slutsatserna i arbetet Ă€r att det Ă€r nödvĂ€ndigt som arkitekt, landskapsarkitekt eller annan planerare att ha en baskunskap inom ljuslĂ€ra och hur ljus fungerar för mĂ€nniskors sinnen. Planering av artificiellt ljus blir ultimat om det genomförs en analys av platsen som ska ljussĂ€ttas samt att mĂ€nniskans mĂ„ende hamnar i fokus. En annan slutsats Ă€r att artificiellt ljus har en pĂ„vekran hos mĂ€nniskan dĂ„ hon kan mĂ„ bĂ€ttre psykiskt och fysiskt om det finns en vĂ€l fungarande belysning. MĂ„let med detta arbete har varit att bidra till förstĂ„elsen för sambandet mellan belysning och hĂ€lsa/ohĂ€lsa samt att studera kommunernas belysningsplaner och hur de förhĂ„ller sig till aspekterna atmosfĂ€r, orienterbarhet trygghet och sĂ€kerhet.It has become more common that municipalities establish a lighting plan or lighting strategy. If the municipality shall be able to get the best lighting for residents and visitors, certain criteria should be included and the plan should be location-specific. Who will be staying in the nocturnal landscape? How will sites be operated when the daylight disappeares for the day? Humans are complex in their expression and no person works the same way as a someone else- our personal attributes are a product of past and present experiences and perceptions, that we carry with us throughout life. Despite of human differences it has in a number of studies shown that many feel an insecurity in the dark and would rather walk along a well lit busy road than by a path in the park. If our urban spaces are not illuminated, it will restrict residents’ ability to move freely in the night landscape and thus reduce the social interaction and human activity during the dark months of the year. How should a planner illuminate to increase the sense of security of the place and make urban space available at all times of the year? Which lighting factors affect how the senses perceive a dark room? The aim of this work was to contribute to a better understanding of how Swedish municipalities retrieve facts and work with lighting planning and how planning is expressed in formulated lighting plan documents with a particular focus on experience and health. Through a literature review and an audit of municipal lighting plans I have tried to figure out what it takes to get the most optimal lit urban spaces as possible for the residents. Which are the factors that increase the possibility of activity and movement in the dark hours of the day? One of the conclusions of this work is that it is necessary as an architect, landscape architect or planner to have a basic knowledge of light and how light function for the human senses. In order to plan artificial light for humans an analysis of the site should be conducted alongside with putting the wellbeing of the citizens in focus. Another conclusion is that artificial light has an inpact in the human. She can feel better mentally and physically if the urban space har a welldesigned lighting. The main goal of this work has been to contribute to the understanding of the relationship between lighting and health/illness aswell as to study the municipal lighting plans and how they relate to the aspects atmosphere, orientatability safety and security

    The Relationship Between Low Vision and Musculoskeletal Complaints. A Case Control Study Between Age-related Macular Degeneration Patients and Age-matched Controls with Normal Vision

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    AbstractIntroductionAge-related Macular Degeneration (ARMD) patients often describe complaints from neck and scapula area muscles and a decreased postural control. In clinical assessment, these complaints are considered to be due to old age.PurposeThis study focuses on low-vision patients with ARMD, comparing them to age-matched controls without any eye disease, in order to evaluate if the linkage between self-rated visual complaints and musculoskeletal complaints is more prominent when low vision is present.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 24 ARMD patients, aged 65 to 85, were compared to a group of 24 controls without visual problems having a similar age distribution. Visual acuity, the need for magnification plus other optical and visual parameters were assessed. Visual, musculoskeletal and balance/proprioceptive complaints were collected by means of a self-rating questionnaire. The Visual Functioning Questionnaire - Near Activities Subscale (VFQ–NAS) was used to evaluate visual function and related complaints.ResultsThe correlation between visual complaints and musculoskeletal complaints yielded significant values of the correlation coefficient when performed separately within each group, as well as when calculated on the entire data set [ARMD, Spearman's rho (ρ)=0.60, P=0.002; control group ρ=0.59, P=0.004; both groups together ρ=0.50 P<0.001]. Stepwise multiple regression analysis supported the hypothesized effect of vision (Visual complaints + Minimum readable typefaces) on musculoskeletal complaints, (r2=0.42, P<0.05).ConclusionsThe results in this study support the hypothesis that a relationship exists between visual and musculoskeletal problems
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