Transformational Leader Self-Perception And Objective Sales Performance: The Potential Moderating Effects Of Behavioral Coping Ability

This research reports results from an exploratory study that examined the relationship between salespersons’ self-perceived leadership styles, behavioral and emotional coping abilities, and objective sales performance. The direct sales staff of a financial services firm provided the data for the study. The self-rater version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ 5X, short form) was used to capture the sales personnel’s self-perceptions of their leadership styles with respect to transformational and transactional leadership. Two main scales from the Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) were used to assess the behavioral and emotional coping abilities of the participants. Data analyses indicated a significant relationship between active transactional leader self-perception, transformational leader self-perception, behavioral coping ability, and sales performance. This was not the case for passive transactional leadership or emotional coping ability. In addition, behavioral coping ability moderated the relationship between transformational self-perception and sales performance such that those sales personnel who perceived themselves as transformational delivered enhanced performance when behavioral coping ability was good rather than poor.

Carpooling with ecologists, geographers and taxonomists: perceptions from conducting environmental research in tropical regions

Greater than 80% of species on Earth are awaiting formal description, and simultaneously, many of these species unknown to science are becoming extinct. Here we highlight the importance and benefits of collaborating and working in interdisciplinary research groups, to improve quality and efficiency of both ecological and taxonomic research. The aim of this paper is to share and critique two methods used when conducting environmental field research in taxonomically data-poor parts of the world, such as Borneo. Through discussions with geographers, ecologists and taxonomists these two methods are evaluated. We conclude with a suggested solution to push taxonomic knowledge barriers by creating inter-disciplinary communities of researchers who work together to improve taxonomic identifications

Subdivisions of the Auditory Midbrain (N. Mesencephalicus Lateralis, pars dorsalis) in Zebra Finches Using Calcium-Binding Protein Immunocytochemistry

The midbrain nucleus mesencephalicus lateralis pars dorsalis (MLd) is thought to be the avian homologue of the central nucleus of the mammalian inferior colliculus. As such, it is a major relay in the ascending auditory pathway of all birds and in songbirds mediates the auditory feedback necessary for the learning and maintenance of song. To clarify the organization of MLd, we applied three calcium binding protein antibodies to tissue sections from the brains of adult male and female zebra finches. The staining patterns resulting from the application of parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin antibodies differed from each other and in different parts of the nucleus. Parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity was distributed throughout the whole nucleus, as defined by the totality of the terminations of brainstem auditory afferents; in other words parvalbumin-like immunoreactivity defines the boundaries of MLd. Staining patterns of parvalbumin, calbindin and calretinin defined two regions of MLd: inner (MLd.I) and outer (MLd.O). MLd.O largely surrounds MLd.I and is distinct from the surrounding intercollicular nucleus. Unlike the case in some non-songbirds, however, the two MLd regions do not correspond to the terminal zones of the projections of the brainstem auditory nuclei angularis and laminaris, which have been found to overlap substantially throughout the nucleus in zebra finches

Tracking the Expression of Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmission-Related Proteins and Neuroplasticity Markers after Noise Induced Hearing Loss

Excessive exposure to loud noise can damage the cochlea and create a hearing loss. These pathologies coincide with a range of CNS changes including reorganisation of frequency representation, alterations in the pattern of spontaneous activity and changed expression of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. Moreover, damage to the cochlea is often accompanied by acoustic disorders such as hyperacusis and tinnitus, suggesting that one or more of these neuronal changes may be involved in these disorders, although the mechanisms remain unknown. We tested the hypothesis that excessive noise exposure increases expression of markers of excitation and plasticity, and decreases expression of inhibitory markers over a 32-day recovery period. Adult rats (n = 25) were monaurally exposed to a loud noise (16 kHz, 1/10th octave band pass (115 dB SPL)) for 1-hour, or left as non-exposed controls (n = 5). Animals were euthanased at either 0, 4, 8, 16 or 32 days following acoustic trauma. We used Western Blots to quantify protein levels of GABAA receptor subunit α1 (GABAAα1), Glutamic-Acid Decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67), N-Methyl-D-Aspartate receptor subunit 2A (NR2A), Calbindin (Calb1) and Growth Associated Protein 43 (GAP-43) in the Auditory Cortex (AC), Inferior Colliculus (IC) and Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN). Compared to sham-exposed controls, noise-exposed animals had significantly (p<0.05): lower levels of GABAAα1 in the contralateral AC at day-16 and day-32, lower levels of GAD-67 in the ipsilateral DCN at day-4, lower levels of Calb1 in the ipsilateral DCN at day-0, lower levels of GABAAα1 in the ipsilateral AC at day-4 and day-32. GAP-43 was reduced in the ipsilateral AC for the duration of the experiment. These complex fluctuations in protein expression suggests that for at least a month following acoustic trauma the auditory system is adapting to a new pattern of sensory input

The Nuclear Protein Sge1 of Fusarium oxysporum Is Required for Parasitic Growth

Dimorphism or morphogenic conversion is exploited by several pathogenic fungi and is required for tissue invasion and/or survival in the host. We have identified a homolog of a master regulator of this morphological switch in the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. This non-dimorphic fungus causes vascular wilt disease in tomato by penetrating the plant roots and colonizing the vascular tissue. Gene knock-out and complementation studies established that the gene for this putative regulator, SGE1 (SIX Gene Expression 1), is essential for pathogenicity. In addition, microscopic analysis using fluorescent proteins revealed that Sge1 is localized in the nucleus, is not required for root colonization and penetration, but is required for parasitic growth. Furthermore, Sge1 is required for expression of genes encoding effectors that are secreted during infection. We propose that Sge1 is required in F. oxysporum and other non-dimorphic (plant) pathogenic fungi for parasitic growth

A perturbation-based balance training program for older adults: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Previous research investigating exercise as a means of falls prevention in older adults has shown mixed results. Lack of specificity of the intervention may be an important factor contributing to negative results. Change-in-support (CIS) balance reactions, which involve very rapid stepping or grasping movements of the limbs, play a critical role in preventing falls; hence, a training program that improves ability to execute effective CIS reactions could potentially have a profound effect in reducing risk of falling. This paper describes: 1) the development of a perturbation-based balance training program that targets specific previously-reported age-related impairments in CIS reactions, and 2) a study protocol to evaluate the efficacy of this new training program.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The training program involves use of unpredictable, multi-directional moving-platform perturbations to evoke stepping and grasping reactions. Perturbation magnitude is gradually increased over the course of the 6-week program, and concurrent cognitive and movement tasks are included during later sessions. The program was developed in accordance with well-established principles of motor learning, such as individualisation, specificity, overload, adaptation-progression and variability. Specific goals are to reduce the frequency of multiple-step responses, reduce the frequency of collisions between the stepping foot and stance leg, and increase the speed of grasping reactions. A randomised control trial will be performed to evaluate the efficacy of the training program. A total of 30 community-dwelling older adults (age 64–80) with a recent history of instability or falling will be assigned to either the perturbation-based training or a control group (flexibility/relaxation training), using a stratified randomisation that controls for gender, age and baseline stepping/grasping performance. CIS reactions will be tested immediately before and after the six weeks of training, using platform perturbations as well as a distinctly different method of perturbation (waist pulls) in order to evaluate the generalisability of the training effects.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This study will determine whether perturbation-based balance training can help to reverse specific age-related impairments in balance-recovery reactions. These results will help to guide the development of more effective falls prevention programs, which may ultimately lead to reduced health-care costs and enhanced mobility, independence and quality of life.</p

A Systematic Analysis of Cell Cycle Regulators in Yeast Reveals That Most Factors Act Independently of Cell Size to Control Initiation of Division

Upstream events that trigger initiation of cell division, at a point called START in yeast, determine the overall rates of cell proliferation. The identity and complete sequence of those events remain unknown. Previous studies relied mainly on cell size changes to identify systematically genes required for the timely completion of START. Here, we evaluated panels of non-essential single gene deletion strains for altered DNA content by flow cytometry. This analysis revealed that most gene deletions that altered cell cycle progression did not change cell size. Our results highlight a strong requirement for ribosomal biogenesis and protein synthesis for initiation of cell division. We also identified numerous factors that have not been previously implicated in cell cycle control mechanisms. We found that CBS, which catalyzes the synthesis of cystathionine from serine and homocysteine, advances START in two ways: by promoting cell growth, which requires CBS's catalytic activity, and by a separate function, which does not require CBS's catalytic activity. CBS defects cause disease in humans, and in animals CBS has vital, non-catalytic, unknown roles. Hence, our results may be relevant for human biology. Taken together, these findings significantly expand the range of factors required for the timely initiation of cell division. The systematic identification of non-essential regulators of cell division we describe will be a valuable resource for analysis of cell cycle progression in yeast and other organisms

Archaeoptilomera Zettel, 2009, gen. n.

Archaeoptilomera gen. n. (Figs. 25–34) Type species. Archaeoptilomera derlethi sp. n. (by present designation) Diagnosis. Small Ptilomerinae of predominately yellowish brown to pale yellow colour; thoracic and abdominal dorsum with smooth areas along midline (Figs. 25, 26). Mesonotum in anterior two-thirds of length with pair of narrow black stripes (at medial margins of dull areas). Metanotum without median furrow. Protarsus short, about half length of protibia (Fig. 28), pale. Mesofemur and metafemur subequal in length, both with pale distal portions. Metacoxa without apical spine. Metatarsomeres fused. Abdomen of female moderately shortened, at dorsal midline slightly longer than thorax. Sternite 7 of female at connexival corner with spine (Figs. 29–32), ventrally with broad, short, round medial lobe (Figs. 33, 34). Description. Only apterous female known. Body length 8.1–8.5 mm. Dorsum yellowish brown; black stripes distributed as in Figures 25, 26. Dorsum of head brownish yellow, anteclypeus and two small spots on vertex black. Pronotum with black stripe on anterior margin behind vertex. Mesonotum in anterior two-thirds of length with pair of narrow, black stripes lining smooth medial area; meso- and metanotum with distinct lateral stripes and black anterior margin interrupted in middle. All acetabula distally with black marks. Legs mainly yellowish brown to orange, profemur with two distinct stripes, protibia and apex of protarsus blackish, meso- and metafemora each with one thin black stripe at base and distal part pale; tibiae and tarsi of middle and hind legs orange to pale. Lateral areas of tergites black. Distal portions of meso- and metafemora pale. Venter pale. Meso- and metacetabula and lateral portions of tergites 2–5 (strongly reduced on tergite 1) with moderately developed, silvery hair layer (Figs. 25, 26). Head (Fig. 27) with very large eyes and prominent antenniferous tubercles. Antenna slender, antennomere 1 subequal in length with antennomeres 2–4, antennomere 4 without sulcus. Pronotum robust. Metanotum without median furrow. Flexor side of profemur with numerous stout setae at base and one minute tooth subapically (Fig. 28); protarsus short, ca. 0.5 times as long as protibia; first protarsomere 1.7 times as long as second and slightly thicker. Claws or foreleg smooth. Metafemur and mesofemur subequal in length. Metacoxa without spine. Hind leg with two small but distinct claws. Male. Unknown. Female. Metanotum, abdominal segments 1–6, and venter of thorax and abdomen without modifications. Abdomen moderately shortened, slightly longer than thorax (Figs. 25, 26). Medial areas of sternites slightly flattened. Connexiva not flapped mediodorsad over tergites 1–6, but slightly so over posterolateral parts of tergite 7 (Figs. 31, 32). Tergites 7 and 8 simple, directed posteriad; proctiger simple, directed posteroventrad or almost ventrad (Figs. 29, 30). Sternite 7 elongate, with short to moderately long spines at connexival corners (Figs. 29–32), with large, but relatively short, posteriorly rounded ventromedial lobe (Figs. 33, 34). Gonocoxae 1 (Figs. 29, 30) large, plate-like, exposed. Comparative notes and discussion. This new genus is so far only known from female specimens, and for that reason some aspects of its accurate position in a phylogenetic system remain uncertain. However, Archaeoptilomera gen. n. clearly belongs to the Ptilomera genus group (see Comparative notes of Ptilomerella gen. n.). Within this group, it has strong similarities with the Himalayan monotypic subgenus Ptilomera (Proptilomera) himalayensis, which is morphologically distant from the species-rich Ptilomera s.str. and may deserve genus rank, too. Archaeoptilomera gen. n. can be distinguished from Ptilomera s.l. by its small size, the absence of a medial furrow on the metanotum, the subequal length of meso- and metafemur, and by the black sublateral stripes on the mesonotum which line the smooth medial area. Moreover, Ptilomera s.str. can be easily recognized by the prominent metacoxal spines. The sternite 7 of the female of Ptilomera (Proptilomera) himalayensis differs strongly from both species of Archaeoptilomera sp. n. in the unique bifid medial lobe that embraces the proctiger, and by absence of connexival spines. The protarsus of Archaeoptilomera sp. n. is pale as it is in Ptilomerella anderseni sp. n., but the author does not know any other Ptilomerinae with that feature. Distribution. Borneo. Etymology. The generic epithet refers to the close relationships with Ptilomera. Gender: feminine. Included species. Archaeoptilomera derlethi sp. n., Archaeoptilomera kodadai sp. n.Published as part of Zettel, H., 2009, Three new genera of Ptilomerinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gerridae) from Southeast Asia, pp. 26-42 in Zootaxa 2046 (1) on pages 37-39, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.2046.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/532128

Aphelocheirus (s.str.) gusenleitneri nov.sp. - Erstnachweis der Aphelocheiridae (Heteroptera) aus Myanmar

Zettel, H. (2009): Aphelocheirus (s.str.) gusenleitneri nov.sp. - Erstnachweis der Aphelocheiridae (Heteroptera) aus Myanmar. Linzer biologische Beiträge 41 (2): 1071-1077, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.527635