The Change of the Vessel Markings by Ligation of the Branch of the Pulmonary Artery

In relation with the collapse therapy of the lung, I observed the change of vessel markings of the lobe when the secondary atrophy of the lung occurs by ligation of pulmonary artery. Using a cat weighing 2-3 kg, I obtained specimens by infusing dyes in a living cat at various periods after operation. The results were as follows. 1) There were observed no dangerous symptoms by the ligation of the branch of the pulmonary artery. The necrosis of the ligated lobe did not occur. 2) Directly after the ligation there occurs a formation of a collateral pathway by a capillary communication from the vessels of the bronchial wall which extends to the wall of the alveolus, then by the newly built vessels which came outside the lobe through the adhesion with the peripheral area of it. 3) By ligation a thrombus will be formed in the pulmonary artery but a circulating pathway can be noticed inside the thrombus. This is considered to be a circulating pathway retrogradely to the pulmonary artery through the capillary net work of the alveolus wall by the vessels of the bronchial walls and the vessels which invaded from the outside of the lobe through the adhering portion. A week after the ligation the thrombus is nearly absorbed and the recovery of the circulation inside the pulmonary artery can be noticed. 4) The change of the lobe which occurs by the ligation of the branch of the pulmonary artery can be applied clinically

Amplification and adaptation of centromeric repeats in polyploid switchgrass species.

Centromeres in most higher eukaryotes are composed of long arrays of satellite repeats from a single satellite repeat family. Why centromeres are dominated by a single satellite repeat and how the satellite repeats originate and evolve are among the most intriguing and long-standing questions in centromere biology. We identified eight satellite repeats in the centromeres of tetraploid switchgrass (Panicum virgatum). Seven repeats showed characteristics associated with classical centromeric repeats with monomeric lengths ranging from 166 to 187 bp. Interestingly, these repeats share an 80-bp DNA motif. We demonstrate that this 80-bp motif may dictate translational and rotational phasing of the centromeric repeats with the cenH3 nucleosomes. The sequence of the last centromeric repeat, Pv156, is identical to the 5S ribosomal RNA genes. We demonstrate that a 5S ribosomal RNA gene array was recruited to be the functional centromere for one of the switchgrass chromosomes. Our findings reveal that certain types of satellite repeats, which are associated with unique sequence features and are composed of monomers in mono-nucleosomal length, are favorable for centromeres. Centromeric repeats may undergo dynamic amplification and adaptation before the centromeres in the same species become dominated by the best adapted satellite repeat

Microphysics in the Multi-Scale Modeling Systems with Unified Physics

In recent years, exponentially increasing computer power has extended Cloud Resolving Model (CRM) integrations from hours to months, the number of computational grid points from less than a thousand to close to ten million. Three-dimensional models are now more prevalent. Much attention is devoted to precipitating cloud systems where the crucial 1-km scales are resolved in horizontal domains as large as 10,000 km in two-dimensions, and 1,000 x 1,000 km2 in three-dimensions. Cloud resolving models now provide statistical information useful for developing more realistic physically based parameterizations for climate models and numerical weather prediction models. It is also expected that NWP and mesoscale model can be run in grid size similar to cloud resolving model through nesting technique. Recently, a multi-scale modeling system with unified physics was developed at NASA Goddard. It consists of (l) a cloud-resolving model (Goddard Cumulus Ensemble model, GCE model), (2) a regional scale model (a NASA unified weather research and forecast, WRF), (3) a coupled CRM and global model (Goddard Multi-scale Modeling Framework, MMF), and (4) a land modeling system. The same microphysical processes, long and short wave radiative transfer and land processes and the explicit cloud-radiation, and cloud-surface interactive processes are applied in this multi-scale modeling system. This modeling system has been coupled with a multi-satellite simulator to use NASA high-resolution satellite data to identify the strengths and weaknesses of cloud and precipitation processes simulated by the model. In this talk, the microphysics developments of the multi-scale modeling system will be presented. In particular, the results from using multi-scale modeling system to study the heavy precipitation processes will be presented

Numerical and approximate analytical results for the frustrated spin-1/2 quantum spin chain

We study the $T=0$ frustrated phase of the $1D$ quantum spin-$\frac 12$ system with nearest-neighbour and next-nearest-neighbour isotropic exchange known as the Majumdar-Ghosh Hamiltonian. We first apply the coupled-cluster method of quantum many-body theory based on a spiral model state to obtain the ground state energy and the pitch angle. These results are compared with accurate numerical results using the density matrix renormalisation group method, which also gives the correlation functions. We also investigate the periodicity of the phase using the Marshall sign criterion. We discuss particularly the behaviour close to the phase transitions at each end of the frustrated phase.Comment: 17 pages, Standard Latex File + 7 PostScript figures in separate file. Figures also can also be requested from [email protected]

Национально-психологические особенности иностранных учащихся начального этапа обучения

In recent years, a considerable interest has grown in the design of molecular nanowires with an increasing conductance with length. The development of such nanowires is highly desirable because they could play an important role in future molecular-scale circuitry. Whereas the first experimental observation of this nonclassical behavior still has to be realized, a growing number of candidate wires have been proposed theoretically. In this Letter, we point out that all the wires with an anti-Ohmic increasing conductance with length proposed so far share a common characteristic: their diradical character increases with length. The conceptual connection between diradical character and conductance enables a systematic design of such anti-Ohmic wires and explains the difficulty in their syntheses. A strategy is proposed to balance the stability and conductance so that this nonclassical phenomenon can be observed

Designer Multimode Localized Random Lasing in Amorphous Lattices at Terahertz Frequencies

Random lasers are a special class of laser in which light is confined through multiple scattering and interference process in a disordered medium, without a traditional optical cavity. They have been widely studied to investigate fundamental phenomena such as Anderson localization, and for applications such as speckle-free imaging, benefitting from multiple lasing modes. However, achieving controlled localized multi-mode random lasing at long wavelengths, such as in the terahertz (THz) frequency regime, remains a challenge. Here, we study devices consisting of randomly-distributed pillars fabricated from a quantum cascade gain medium, and show that such structures can achieve transversemagnetic polarized (TM) multi-mode random lasing, with strongly localized modes at THz frequencies. The weak short-range order induced by the pillar distribution is sufficient to ensure high quality-factor modes that have a large overlap with the active material. Furthermore, the emission spectrum can be easily tuned by tailoring the scatterer size and filling fraction. These “designer” random lasers, realized using standard photolithography 2 techniques, provide a promising platform for investigating disordered photonics with predesigned randomness in the THz frequency range, and may have potential applications such as speckle-free imaging

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This review sets out to understand the reactivity of diradicals and how that may differ from monoradicals. In the first part of the review, we delineate the electronic structure of a diradical with its two degenerate or nearly degenerate molecular orbitals, occupied by two electrons. A classification of diradicals based on whether or not the two SOMOs can be located on different sites of the molecule is useful in determining the ground state spin. Important is a delocalized to localized orbital transformation that interchanges "closed-shell" to "open-shell" descriptions. The resulting duality is useful in understanding the dual reactivity of singlet diradicals. In the second part of the review, we examine, with a consistent level of theory, activation energies of prototypical radical reactions (dimerization, hydrogen abstraction, and addition to ethylene) for representative organic diradicals and diradicaloids in their two lowest spin states. Differences and similarities in reactivity of diradicals vs monoradicals, based on either a localized or delocalized view, whichever is suitable, are then discussed. The last part of this review begins with an extensive, comparative, and critical survey of available measures of diradical character and ends with an analysis of the consequences of diradical character for selected diradicaloids

Targeting CBLB as a potential therapeutic approach for disseminated candidiasis

We thank J.M. Penninger (University of Toronto) for providing Cblb−/− mice, Y. Iwakura (Tokyo University of Science) for providing Clec4n−/− mice, S. Lipkowitz (National Cancer Institute, US National Institutes of Health) for providing Cblb constructs, X. Lin (MD Anderson Cancer Center) for providing the antibody to mouse dectin-3 and Card9−/− bone marrow cells, P.R. Sundstrom (Dartmouth University) for providing the C. albicans cap1 mutant, and L.D. Chaves (University at Buffalo) for flow cytometric analysis of myeloid cells in the kidneys. We also thank A. Lovett-Racke (Ohio State University) for her advice on in vivo Cblb-knockdown experiments. This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (grants R01 AI090901, R01 AI123253, and R21 AI117547; all to J.Z.), the American Heart Association (AHA Great Rivers Associate Grant-in-Aid grant 16GRNT26990004; J.Z.), a start-up fund from the Ohio State University College of Medicine (J.Z.), and the Wellcome Trust (G.D.B.).Peer reviewedPostprin

Contribution of genetic effects to genetic variance components with epistasis and linkage disequilibrium

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cockerham genetic models are commonly used in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis with a special feature of partitioning genotypic variances into various genetic variance components, while the F_∞genetic models are widely used in genetic association studies. Over years, there have been some confusion about the relationship between these two type of models. A link between the additive, dominance and epistatic effects in an F_∞model and the additive, dominance and epistatic variance components in a Cockerham model has not been well established, especially when there are multiple QTL in presence of epistasis and linkage disequilibrium (LD).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In this paper, we further explore the differences and links between the F_∞and Cockerham models. First, we show that the Cockerham type models are allelic based models with a special modification to correct a confounding problem. Several important moment functions, which are useful for partition of variance components in Cockerham models, are also derived. Next, we discuss properties of the F_∞models in partition of genotypic variances. Its difference from that of the Cockerham models is addressed. Finally, for a two-locus biallelic QTL model with epistasis and LD between the loci, we present detailed formulas for calculation of the genetic variance components in terms of the additive, dominant and epistatic effects in an F_∞model. A new way of linking the Cockerham and F_∞model parameters through their coding variables of genotypes is also proposed, which is especially useful when reduced F_∞models are applied.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The Cockerham type models are allele-based models with a focus on partition of genotypic variances into various genetic variance components, which are contributed by allelic effects and their interactions. By contrast, the F_∞regression models are genotype-based models focusing on modeling and testing of within-locus genotypic effects and locus-by-locus genotypic interactions. When there is no need to distinguish the paternal and maternal allelic effects, these two types of models are transferable. Transformation between an F_∞model's parameters and its corresponding Cockerham model's parameters can be established through a relationship between their coding variables of genotypes. Genetic variance components in terms of the additive, dominance and epistatic genetic effects in an F_∞model can then be calculated by translating formulas derived for the Cockerham models.</p