Does long-term coffee intake reduce type 2 diabetes mellitus risk?

This review reports the evidence for a relation between long-term coffee intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated this association and, at this moment, at least fourteen out of eighteen cohort studies revealed a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus with frequent coffee intake. Moderate coffee intake (≥4 cups of coffee/d of 150 mL or ≥400 mg of caffeine/d) has generally been associated with a decrease in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Besides, results of most studies suggest a dose-response relation, with greater reductions in type 2 diabetes mellitus risk with higher levels of coffee consumption. Several mechanisms underlying this protective effect, as well as the coffee components responsible for this association are suggested. Despite positive findings, it is still premature to recommend an increase in coffee consumption as a public health strategy to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus. More population-based surveys are necessary to clarify the long-term effects of decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee intake on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Foods and nutrients modulates the release of gastrointestinal hormones anorexigenic

FOODS AND NUTRIENTS MODULATES THE RELEASE OF GASTROINTESTINAL HORMONES ANOREXIGENICThe short-term regulation of food intake controls what, how much and when we eat during one day or a single meal. When ingested, the nutrients produce satiety by means of mechanic stimulation and hormonal release. Many of these hormones also inhibit gastric empting and increase the gastric mecanorreceptor stimulaton. The present review of the literature focuses on the effect of different food and nutrients on the release of anorexigenic regulators of food intake, as polypeptide insulinotropic glucose dependent, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and glucagon-like peptide 1.Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Disciplina Fisiol Nutr, Sao Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Sao Paulo, Disciplina Fisiol Nutr, Sao Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Perfil lipídico y factores de riesgo cardiovascular en estudiantes universitarios brasileños de primer año de Sao Paulo

Background/aims: the surveillance of cardiovascular risk factors has been recommended worldwide. the current study is aimed to estimate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among first-year students from a public university in the city of São Paulo, Brazil.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 56 first-year students, of both genders, was performed. Information about demographic characteristics, family history of chronic diseases, smoking, and physical activity was obtained by means of a standardised questionnaire. Anthropometrical parameters (BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage), metabolic parameters (glycaemia, serum lipid profile), and dietary data (total energy intake, percentage of total energy from macronutrients, cholesterol and dietary fiber) were assessed.Results: the risk of cardiovascular diseases was characterised by family history of cardiovascular diseases (44.6%), smoking (10.7%), physical inactivity (35.7%), borderline high total cholesterol and LDL-c levels (16.1% and 5.4, respectively), decreased HDL-c levels (8.9%), increased triglyceride levels (8.9%), and overweight and obesity (17.8% and 7.1%, respectively). the diet of the students was inadequate: it was high in fat and protein, and low in carbohydrate and dietary fibre.Conclusions: the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in young adults draws attention to the need to adopt preventive plans in the university setting.Foundation of Administrative Development (Fundap, Brazil)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nutr, Dept Prevent Med, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nutr Physiol, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nutr, Dept Prevent Med, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Nutr Physiol, Dept Physiol, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on insulin signaling cascade, dyslipidemia, and body adiposity of diet-induced obese rats

Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) has been indicated as an efficient medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. It remains unclear if its effects are due to an improvement of the insulin signaling cascade, especially in obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GbE on insulin tolerance, food intake, body adiposity, lipid profile, fasting insulin, and muscle levels of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP-1B), and protein kinase B (Akt), as well as Akt phosphorylation, in diet-induced obese rats. Rats were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal fat diet (NFD) for 8 weeks. After that, the HFD group was divided into two groups: rats gavaged with a saline vehicle (HFD+V), and rats gavaged with 500 mg/kg of GbE diluted in the saline vehicle (HFD+Gb). NFD rats were gavaged with the saline vehicle only. At the end of the treatment, the rats were anesthetized, insulin was injected into the portal vein, and after 90s, the gastrocnemius muscle was removed. The quantification of IRS-1, Akt, and Akt phosphorylation was performed using Western blotting. Serum levels of fasting insulin and glucose, triacylglycerols and total cholesterol, and LDL and HDL fractions were measured. An insulin tolerance test was also performed. Ingestion of a hyperlipidic diet promoted loss of insulin sensitivity and also resulted in a significant increase in body adiposity, plasma triacylglycerol, and glucose levels. In addition, GbE treatment significantly reduced food intake and body adiposity while it protected against hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia in diet-induced obesity rats. It also enhanced insulin sensitivity in comparison to HFD+V rats, while it restored insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation, increased IRS-1, and reduced PTP-1B levels in gastrocnemius muscle. The present findings suggest that G. biloba might be efficient in preventing and treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Ciências BiológicasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de Fisiologia Disciplina de Fisiologia da NutriçãoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de BiociênciasUniversidade Federal de Alagoas Faculdade de NutriçãoUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Curso de NutriçãoUNIFESP, Depto. de Ciências BiológicasUNIFESP, Depto. de Fisiologia Disciplina de Fisiologia da NutriçãoUNIFESP, Depto. de BiociênciasSciEL

The Behavioral and Physiological Effects of High-fat Diet and Alcohol Consumption: Sex Differences in C57BL6/J Mice

Background and Objective: Animal studies can be a great tool to investigate sex differences in a variety of different ways, including behavioral and physiological responses to drug treatments and different “lifestyle variables” such as diets. Consumption of both high-fat diets and alcohol is known to affect anxiety behaviors and overall health. This project investigated how high-fat diet and alcohol access and its combination affected the behavior and physiology of male and female C57BL/6J mice. Method: Mice were separated into three food groups: high-fat diet, 10% fat diet, and regular chow, and each group was paired with either water or 10% alcohol. Behavioral assays included diet and alcohol preference, light-dark box, open field, and feeding and drinking measurements. Physiological measures included glucose tolerance tests and measurement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin, and leptin levels. Results: Females and males differed in the open field, as male mice decreased activity, while females increased activity when consuming high-fat diet. While females consumed more ethanol than males, alcohol consumption was able to improve glucose tolerance and increase anxiety in both sexes. Lastly, females were more resistant to the physiological changes caused by high-fat diet than males, as females consuming high-fat diet exhibited decreased insulin secretion, less change to brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, and better glucose tolerance than males consuming high-fat diet. Conclusion: These results suggest that the response to high-fat diet and alcohol consumption is sex dependent and that males are more affected both behaviorally and physiologically by high-fat diet compared to females