The Neurospora crassa colonial temperature sensitive 2, 4 and 5 (cot-2, cot-4 and cot-5) genes encode regulatory and structural proteins required for hyphal elongation and branching

The morphology and the genetic defects of theNeurospora crassa colonial temperature-sensitive-2, -4 and -5 mutants were analyzed. cot-2 is allelic to gs-1 and encodes a component of the glucan synthesis process. cot-4 encodes the catalytic subunit of a type 2B phosphatase and is allelic to calcineurin (cna-1). cot-5 encodes a homologue of the S. cerevisiae ALG2 manosyltransferase-encoding gene, a component of the dolichol pathway

A practical guide to the simultaneous determination of protein structure and dynamics using metainference

Accurate protein structural ensembles can be determined with metainference, a Bayesian inference method that integrates experimental information with prior knowledge of the system and deals with all sources of uncertainty and errors as well as with system heterogeneity. Furthermore, metainference can be implemented using the metadynamics approach, which enables the computational study of complex biological systems requiring extensive conformational sampling. In this chapter, we provide a step-by-step guide to perform and analyse metadynamic metainference simulations using the ISDB module of the open-source PLUMED library, as well as a series of practical tips to avoid common mistakes. Specifically, we will guide the reader in the process of learning how to model the structural ensemble of a small disordered peptide by combining state-of-the-art molecular mechanics force fields with nuclear magnetic resonance data, including chemical shifts, scalar couplings and residual dipolar couplings.Comment: 49 pages, 9 figure

First Community-Wide, Comparative Cross-Linking Mass Spectrometry Study

The number of publications in the field of chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry (XL-MS) to derive constraints for protein three-dimensional structure modeling and to probe protein-protein interactions has increased during the last years. As the technique is now becoming routine for in vitro and in vivo applications in proteomics and structural biology there is a pressing need to define protocols as well as data analysis and reporting formats. Such consensus formats should become accepted in the field and be shown to lead to reproducible results. This first, community-based harmonization study on XL-MS is based on the results of 32 groups participating worldwide. The aim of this paper is to summarize the status quo of XL-MS and to compare and evaluate existing cross-linking strategies. Our study therefore builds the framework for establishing best practice guidelines to conduct cross-linking experiments, perform data analysis, and define reporting formats with the ultimate goal of assisting scientists to generate accurate and reproducible XL-MS results

Identification of Tazarotenic Acid as the First Xenobiotic Substrate of Human Retinoic Acid Hydroxylase CYP26A1 and CYP26B1

International audienc