Droughts in semi-arid cereal regions of Algeria

The droughts in the semi-arid Algeria’s cereal regions are evaluated by studying the average monthly rainfall, from September to June, over the period (1941-2011), based on the firstorder Markov chain. This method traces rainy and dry days, cumulative rainfall and the probability of receiving rainfall above the thresholds of 0,1, 5, 10, 20 and 30 mm, in conjunction with the cereal development cycle. The rains analysed showed that the distribution of rainy days at the chosen thresholds did not exceed the variable averages of 6 to 9 days per month. These days are characterized by random cumulative rainfall, with probabilities fluctuating between + 40% and + 80%. Hard droughts affect seeding dates and yield factors for rainfed cereals.Keywords: Algeria, rainfall, Sowing, Markov Chai

Interferon- α 2b reduces phosphorylation and activity of MEK and ERK through a Ras / Raf -independent mechanism

Interferon (IFN)-α affects the growth, differentiation and function of various cell types by transducing regulatory signals through the Janus tyrosine kinase/signal transducers of activation and transcription (Jak/STAT) pathway. The signalling pathways employing the mitogen-activated ERK-activating kinase (MEK) and the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) are critical in growth factors signalling. Engagement of the receptors, and subsequent stimulation of Ras and Raf, initiates a phosphorylative cascade leading to activation of several proteins among which MEK and ERK play a central role in routing signals critical in controlling cell development, activation and proliferation. We demonstrate here that 24–48 h following treatment of transformed T- and monocytoid cell lines with recombinant human IFN-α2b both the phosphorylation and activity of MEK1 and its substrates ERK1/2 were reduced. In contrast, the activities of the upstream molecules Ras and Raf -1 were not affected. No effect on MEK/ERK activity was observed upon short-term exposure (1–30 min) to IFN. The anti-proliferative effect of IFN-α was increased by the addition in the culture medium of a specific inhibitor of MEK, namely PD98059. In conclusion, our results indicate that IFN-α regulates the activity of the MEK/ERK pathway and consequently modulates cellular proliferation through a Ras / Raf -independent mechanism. Targeting the MEK/ERK pathway may strengthen the IFN-mediated anti-cancer effect. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaig

Pola Luka Pada Kasus Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas Di Blu RSU Prof. Dr. R.d. Kandou Manado Periode 2010-2011

: Traffic accident still the one of the world\u27s public health problems. The number of traffic accidents cases has increased each year. According to the report of Badan Pusat Statistik Republik Indonesia, in 2008 the number of the traffic accidents found 59.164 cases, in 2009 found 62.960 cases, and keep rose in 2010 found 66.488 cases. Every cases of traffic accidents cause the various of some injuries pattern. The distribution victims characteristics of the traffic accident particularly found in the productive age and dominated by male. This research aimed to know how the injuries pattern of accident traffic cases at BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado period 2010-2011. This research designed in retrospective descriptive. The result of this research found that has increased cases of traffic accident on period 2010-2011. This cases dominated by male, with the most of interval age included on 11-20 years and 21-30 years. The most number of traffic accident injuries was superficial injuries, with the most location of injuries was found on the head and the neck. Kind of traffic accident most found on the motorcycle driver case

Finite-temperature relativistic Landau problem and the relativistic quantum Hall effect

This paper presents a study of the free energy and particle density of the relativistic Landau problem, and their relevance to the quantum Hall effect. We study first the zero temperature Casimir energy and fermion number for Dirac fields in a 2+1-dimensional Minkowski space-time, in the presence of a uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the spatial manifold. Then, we go to the finite-temperature problem, with a chemical potential, introduced as a uniform zero component of the gauge potential. By performing a Lorentz boost, we obtain Hall's conductivity in the case of crossed electric and magnetic fields.Comment: Final version, to appear in Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Genera

Analisis Penerapan Action Dan Result Control Untuk Mengatasi Motivational Problem CV. Mulia Jaya Box

Sumber daya manusia merupakan salah satu faktor penting dalam pelaksanaan pengendalian demi mencapai tujuan badan USAha. Namun, seringkali terdapat perbedaan antara tujuan yang ingin dicapai karyawan dengan badan USAha. Untuk mengatasi masalah motivasi karyawan dalam bekerja diperlukan adanya system pengendalian manajemen. Hal ini menyebabkan seringkali karyawan bertindak sesuai dengan kepentingan karyawan itu sendiri dan mengorbankan kepentingan badan USAha (motivational problem). Dengan melakukan action dan result control dapat mengatasi masalah terkait adanya motivational problems yaitu keterlambatan yang dilakukan karyawan karena tidak adanya motivasi karyawan untuk disiplin. Masalah lain yang dapat diatasi dengan menggunakan action dan result control adalah masalah penyelesaian target kerja badan USAha, dikarenakan sering tidak tercapainya target. Dengan menetapkan action dan result control maka pengendalian terhadap suatu hasil dari kinerja karyawan dinilai berdasarkan penilaian formal. Dengan penilaian secara formal dapat mengurangi masalah terhadap motivasi karyawan untuk tidak merasa bahwa karyawaan hanya digunakan sebagai subjek bukan merupakan objek dan juga dapat mengatasi masalah terhadap motivasi karyawan untuk melakukan yang terbaik untuk badan USAha

What do I want? The effects of individual aspiration and relational capability on collaboration preferences

ESR

HIV subtype and drug resistance patterns among drug naïve persons in Jos, Nigeria

To determine HIV-1 subtypes and antiretroviral drug resistance mutations for 16 infected, pregnant women in Jos, Nigeria, part of pol (1040 bp) was amplified from patient PBMC DNA, sequenced andanalyzed. Eight of the samples were subtype G, three were CRF02_AG and 2 were unique recombinant forms (URF) between G and CRF02_AG. The remaining consisted of 3 different strains: one was subtypeC, and the other 2 were unrelated URF. Nearly full-length genome sequences were completed for 6 of the strains: 4 subtype G and 2 CRF02_AG. In the 14 drug-naïve subjects, no primary resistance-associated mutations were found, but secondary mutations were identified in 7 different codons of the gene coding for protease: PR K20I, M36I, L63A/P/V, V82I, L10M/I and I93L. In addition, the K238R mutation was identified in the reverse transcriptase gene of 3 viruses. The PR K20I and M36I mutations occurred in all of the strains, and the L10M and V82I mutations occurred only in subtype G. The mutation, I93L, was carried by subtype C viruses. Two of the women that had prior niverapine treatment, had primary resistance-associated mutations, RT M184V and K103N, archived in their proviral DNA several months after treatment cessation. The study reports a predominance of clade G and CRF02_AG, and provides many more examples of nearly full-length genome sequences for subtype G viruses from Nigeria. The ubiquitous presence of PI secondary resistance-associated mutations, as well as primary resistanceassociatedmutations in 2 previously treated women, underscores the need to ensure adherence compliance to treatment

Regulation of Human Formyl Peptide Receptor 1 Synthesis: Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, Transcription Factors, and Inflammatory Mediators

The gene encoding the human formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) is heterogeneous, containing numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Here, we examine the effect of these SNPs on gene transcription and protein translation. We also identify gene promoter sequences and putative FPR1 transcription factors. To test the effect of codon bias and codon pair bias on FPR1 expression, four FPR1 genetic variants were expressed in human myeloid U937 cells fused to a reporter gene encoding firefly luciferase. No significant differences in luciferase activity were detected, suggesting that the translational regulation and protein stability of FPR1 are modulated by factors other than the SNP codon bias and the variant amino acid properties. Deletion and mutagenesis analysis of the FPR1 promoter showed that a CCAAT box is not required for gene transcription. A −88/41 promoter construct resulted in the strongest transcriptional activity, whereas a −72/41 construct showed large reduction in activity. The region between −88 and −72 contains a consensus binding site for the transcription factor PU.1. Mutagenesis of this site caused significant reduction in reporter gene expression. The PU.1 binding was confirmed in vivo by chromatin immunoprecipitation, and the binding to nucleotides −84 to −76 (TTCCTATTT) was confirmed in vitro by an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Thus, similar to many other myeloid genes, FPR1 promoter activity requires PU.1. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms at −56 and −54 did not significantly affect FPR1 gene expression, despite differences in binding of transcription factor IRF1 in vitro. Inflammatory mediators such as interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and lipopolysaccharide did not increase FPR1 promoter activity in myeloid cells, whereas differentiation induced by DMSO and retinoic acid enhanced the activity. This implies that the expression of FPR1 in myeloid cells is developmentally regulated, and that the differentiated cells are equipped for immediate response to microbial infections

Analysis of CC chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in solid ovarian tumours

To understand the chemokine network in a tissue, both chemokine and chemokine receptor expression should be studied. Human epithelial ovarian tumours express a range of chemokines but little is known about the expression and localisation of chemokine receptors. With the aim of understanding chemokine action in this cancer, we investigated receptors for CC–chemokines and their ligands in 25 biopsies of human ovarian cancer. CC–chemokine receptor mRNA was generally absent from solid tumours, the exception being CCR1 which was detected in samples from 75% of patients. CCR1 mRNA localised to macrophages and lymphocytes and there was a correlation between numbers of CD8+ and CCR1 expressing cells (P = 0.031). mRNA for 6 CC-chemokines was expressed in a majority of tumour samples. In a monocytic cell line in vitro, we found that CCR1 mRNA expression was increased 5-fold by hypoxia. We suggest that the CC-chemokine network in ovarian cancer is controlled at the level of CC-chemokine receptors and this may account for the phenotypes of infiltrating cells found in these tumours. The leukocyte infiltrate may contribute to tumour growth and spread by providing growth survival factors and matrix metalloproteases. Thus, CCR1 may be a novel therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. http://www.bjcancer.com © 2001 Cancer Research Campaignhttp://www.bjcancer.co