Democratic objectives for living and educating with an analysis of grade five American history textbooks for concepts of democracy

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

Time Packages and Their Effect on Life Satisfaction

The expected response of individuals to policy changes usually requires that they use their resources in a different way, according to the changed relative opportunity cost of undertaking each that the policy effects. However, it has often been noted that the allocation of time to different activities does not respond smoothly, and rather appears to be influenced by a range of non economic factors that lead to opportunity costs and trade-offs being different for different individuals, depending not just on the constraints they face, but also on the activities they are already ‘specialised’ at. In this paper we use the British Household Panel Survey to examine how time packages - the allocation of weekly hours to a combination of paid and unpaid work and leisure - affect life satisfaction, and the marginal returns from additional hours spent in paid work, overtime, caring and housework. We observe that for men in general, the marginal benefits of an additional hour of paid work, or extra work (in the form of overtime or a second job) are positive, while an additional hour of caring has a negative effect on life satisfaction. For men who are leisure rich, however, the marginal benefits of an additional hour of housework are positive. Leisure rich men appear to gain satisfaction from doing housework, in a way that other men do not. The same applies to women. Women are in general less satisfied by taking on overtime or second jobs, presumably preferring to use that discretionary time at home in leisure pursuits or with children. For women doing full-time paid work, the marginal effect of an additional hour of extra work (overtime or a second job) is negative; for women already stretched by full-time paid work, extra hours are an unwelcome burden. We discuss the role that different kinds of constraints, including gender attitudes, play in determining our results and the implications for policy design.happiness, time use

PEMAHAMAN HASIL BELAJAR “MENYIAPKAN DAN MENGOLAH HIDANGAN PENUTUP PANAS DAN DINGIN (HOT AND COLD DESSERT)” SEBAGAI KESIAPAN PRAKTIK PENGOLAHAN MAKANAN KONTINENTAL DI SMKN 1 PACET

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pemahaman peserta didik pada kompetensi “Menyiapkan dan Mengolah Hidangan Penutup Panas dan Dingin (Hot and Cold Dessert)” sebagai kesiapan praktik Pengolahan Makanan Kontinental yang diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran hasil belajar kompetensi tersebut. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pemahaman peserta didik meliputi tahap persiapan, tahap pengolahan dan tahap penyajian dalam pembuatan produk bread pudding, choux paste dan mousse sebagai kesiapan praktik Pengolahan Makanan Kontinental. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif. Populasi 70 peserta didik kelas XI, jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 35 dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman hasil belajar “Menyiapkan dan Mengolah Hidangan Penutup Panas dan Dingin (Hot and Cold Dessert)” dalam tahap persiapan pada kriteria cukup (48) tahap pengolahan pada kriteria cukup (49), dan tahap penyajian pada kriteria cukup (58). Kesimpulannya adalah pemahaman hasil belajar “Menyiapkan dan Mengolah Hidangan Penutup Panas dan Dingin (Hot and Cold Dessert)” sebagai kesiapan Praktik Pengolahan Makanan Kontinental di SMKN 1 Pacet berada pada kategori cukup. Saran ditujukan kepada peserta didik agar menambah pengetahuan yang telah didapat dengan membaca buku maupun dari sumber lain seperti internet dan kepada guru agar memotivasi proses pembelajaran dan menambahkan materi pembelajaran. Kata kunci : Pemahaman, “Menyiapkan dan Mengolah Hidangan Penutup Panas dan Dingin (Hot and Cold Dessert)”, Praktik, Pengolahan Makanan Kontinental This research is motivated by the understanding of the competence “Preparing and Processing Hot and Cold Dessert" as the readiness of Continental Food Processing practices that students are expected to give an overview of learning results this competence. Purpose of research was to determine the students understanding includes the preparation stage, processing stage and presentation stage in the manufacture of bread pudding, choux paste, and mousse as apractice the readiness of Continental Food Processing. The method used is descriptive method. Population are 70 students of class XI, number of samples are 35 with simple random sampling technique. The results showed that the understanding of the learning result “Preparing and Processing Hot and Cold Dessert” in the preparation stage in sufficient criteria (48) at the processing stage in sufficient criteria (49), and presentation stage in suffient criteria (58). Conclusion is understanding of the learning result" Preparing and Processing Hot and Cold Dessert" as the readiness of Continental Food Processing Practices in SMKN 1 Pacet in sufficient category. Suggestion addressed to students to be increase the knowledge of which has been obtained by reading a book or from other sources such as the internet and the teachers so that motivate the learning process and add to the learning material. Keywords: Understanding, Preparing and Processing Hot and Cold Desserts, Practice, Continental Food Processing

Karakteristik Fisik Lahan Di Nagari Paru (Rimbo Larangan) Kabupaten Sijunjung

Indonesia is a country that has a tropical climate, tropical climate caused so much rain during the year compared to the dry season. With the tropical climate of Indonesia has a region dominated by forests that are the lungs of the world. One of the existing forests are forests located in the District Lung Nagari Sijunjung Sijunjung or better known by local people with the name Rimbo Prohibition. This study aims to find out about the physical karaksteristik land (slope, landform, hydrology) in Rimbo Prohibition in Nagari Lung District of Sijunjung Sijunjung, knowing how the utilization of land by the community around Rimbo Prohibition. This type of research is descriptive. The results showed that the physical characteristics of the land is very varied Prohibition Rimbo, Rimbo height of Prohibition highly variable, then the slope in Rimbo Laranagn also vary. Landform in Rimbo ban can be divided into three parts, namely the karst hills, alluvial plains and natural levee. Hydrological conditions in the sub-basins of lung depends on the streams flowing from Rimbo Prohibition. Land use specially designated as forests. With Prohibition Rimbo characteristics that vary widely made public memamfaatkan forest products as needed to make Rimbo Prohibition awake d beauty

Time Packages and Their Effect on Life Satisfaction

The expected response of individuals to policy changes usually requires that they use their resources in a different way, according to the changed relative opportunity cost of undertaking each that the policy effects. However, it has often been noted that the allocation of time to different activities does not respond smoothly, and rather appears to be influenced by a range of non economic factors that lead to opportunity costs and trade-offs being different for different individuals, depending not just on the constraints they face, but also on the activities they are already ‘specialised’ at. In this paper we use the British Household Panel Survey to examine how time packages - the allocation of weekly hours to a combination of paid and unpaid work and leisure - affect life satisfaction, and the marginal returns from additional hours spent in paid work, overtime, caring and housework. We observe that for men in general, the marginal benefits of an additional hour of paid work, or extra work (in the form of overtime or a second job) are positive, while an additional hour of caring has a negative effect on life satisfaction. For men who are leisure rich, however, the marginal benefits of an additional hour of housework are positive. Leisure rich men appear to gain satisfaction from doing housework, in a way that other men do not. The same applies to women. Women are in general less satisfied by taking on overtime or second jobs, presumably preferring to use that discretionary time at home in leisure pursuits or with children. For women doing full-time paid work, the marginal effect of an additional hour of extra work (overtime or a second job) is negative; for women already stretched by full-time paid work, extra hours are an unwelcome burden. We discuss the role that different kinds of constraints, including gender attitudes, play in determining our results and the implications for policy design.happiness, time use

Dasar Program Perencanaan Dan Perancangan Arsitektur (DP3A) Solo Smart Center

Ilmu atau ilmu pengetahuan adalah seluruh usaha untuk menyelidiki, menemukan, dan meningkatkan pemahamanan manusia dari berbagai segi kenyataan dalam alam manusia. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dewasa ini sudah merambah ke segala jenis cakupan, mulai ilmu tentang bumi, angkasa, dan masih banyak lagi segala sumber untuk memperkaya pengetahuan manusia. Jika dipandang dari ilmu filsafat, maka ilmu tersebut terbentuk dari pemikiran manusia tentang dirinya dan sekitarnya serta berusaha untuk berpikir sejauh mungkin. Untuk mendapatkan ilmu pengetahuan yang memadai, masyarakat dapat mendapatkannya dipusat pendidikan, yaitu di sekolah mulai dari Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD) sampai dengan perguruan tinggi. Selain itu, ilmu pengetahuan juga dapat didapat di luar sekolah, misalnya pada pusat-pusat peraga Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (IPTEK), museum, perpusatakaan, dan lain-lain. Fasilitas penunjang pendidikan di Kota Surakarta masih dirasa kurang karena hanya terdapat sebuah perpustakaan kota yang kurang memadai (jumlah koleksi masih sedikit dan besar ruangan baca yang sempit) dan beberapa museum yang hanya berupa museum tradisional (tema dari koleksi hampir sama, kecuali Museum Lukis Dulla dan Museum Pers). Sedangkan untuk museum yang berupa museum of science and technology atau pusat peraga Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (IPTEK) di Kota Surakarta belum ada. Dengan demikian perlu adanya tambahan penunjang ilmu pengetahuan seperti yang sudah ada di kota-kota lainnya, misalnya Taman Pintar Yogyakarta dan Taman Mini Indonesia Indah Pusat Peraga Ilmu Pengetahuan dan Teknologi (TMII PP IPTEK). Tujuan dari perencanaan dan perancangan Solo Smart Center, yaitu agar bangunan tersebut dapat menjadi sebuah pusat ilmu pengetahuan di Kota Surakarta serta perencanaan bangunan tersebut dirancang dengan standart nasional, sustainable and ecodesign, dan dengan pengolahan interior dan eksterior (landscape) yang mendidik. Keluaran dari perencanaan dan perancangan desain bangunan Solo Smart Center ini, diharapkan mampu memenuhi kebutuhan fasilitas ilmu pengetahuan di Kota Surakarta dan sekitarnya dan mampu bersaing dengan tempat-tempat lain yang sejenis di kota-kota lain

A Comparison of School-Based and Clinic-Based Interventions for the Prevention and Control of Childhood Obesity

In the United States, obesity is becoming an ever increasing problem, especially among youth. The prevalence of adult obesity-related health complications, until recently were only seen in adults, are arising within the youth population. The increasing rate of childhood obesity is of public health importance; if not properly dealt with now, the current generation of children will grow up and face serious health complications both in their late childhood and adult years.To address this epidemic, two approaches that can be utilized are school-based and clinical based interventions. Even though each type of intervention takes place in a different setting, the same basic principles of nutrition education, healthy eating and physical activity are addressed. While each of the two types of interventions has strengths and weaknesses, the overall goals of both school-based and clinic-based interventions are a reduction in weight and increase in the health of the children participating in the intervention

Modélisation des réseaux de microirrigation

La microirrigation est une technique dont l'uniformité de distribution d'eau par les goutteurs est très sensible aux faibles variations de pression. Pour maîtriser ces variations, avec davantage de précision, le présent travail est basé sur une analyse hydraulique approfondie de l'écoulement aboutissant à des équations différentielles aux dérivées partielles dont la pression et la vitesse de l'eau sont des inconnues. Ces équations non linéaires sont résolues en utilisant la méthode d'intégration Runge-Kutta d'ordre quatre. Les modèles développés dans la présente étude permettent de simuler la dynamique de l'eau dans la rampe et dans le réseau et sont utilisés pour déterminer le dimensionnement optimal du réseau. Les résultats obtenus corroborent ceux publiés par d'autres auteurs ayant utilisé la méthode des volumes de contrôle ou la méthode des éléments finis.Micro-irrigation is recommended for use in arid and semi-arid countries such as Algeria. This method consists of accurately providing the right amount of water and mineral nutrients to the plant's root area. The goal is to provide water efficiently by applying it at the correct rate. However, irrigation efficiency is clearly a function of the uniformity of water application.Micro-irrigation is a technique in which a delicate instrument known as an emitter (a terminal element of the network) operating with low pressure is used. The emitter, designed and manufactured with high precision, is a system with hydraulic laws and norms considered as a black box model that discharges water at atmospheric pressure. The emitter is an element of a network that constitutes a unit called a system or physical model. Water and mineral elements are delivered to a localized place, to the level of each plant by the emitters whose discharge is a function of lateral pressure. The precision of the dosage of irrigation, which must exactly satisfy the requirement for cultivation, depends fundamentally on the design of the network. It takes into account the pressure variations, which are due not only to head loss in the lateral branches of the network but also to the land slope and to the characteristics of the emitters. Water and air temperature and the possible plugging of the emitter orifice also influence the discharge of an emitter.The network is designed to satisfy the water needs of all the plants. Uniformity of water distribution is a main criterion for network design. To understand the variations in water distribution with more precision, we based the present work on a hydraulic analysis focussed on the outflow. This approach yields differential equations in which the pressure and the velocity of water in the pipeline network are unknown; the uniformity of water distribution is largely dependent on these variables. The differential second-order equations obtained are non-linear and analytical resolution is impossible, due to the empirical relation of the discharge emitter and the energy loss relation. Thus, the solution is obtained by numerical methods using the Runge Kutta integration method. The conditions in the limit equation modelling the outflow in the lateral pipes are different from those for the submain pipe. For the lateral pipes, the velocity of water at the extremity of the downstream region is inevitably minimal, as the whole region of discharge in the last pipe section is delivered by the last emitter where the pressure is minimal (Hmin). The velocity and pressure are calculated step by step along the lateral pipe until the entrance of water into the network where the pressure is maximal (Hsmax). The algorithm developed to simulate the emitter discharge distribution from the lateral pipes is called the "RK" model, and when it includes the discharge in the submain pipe it is called the "RS" model. These two models are transcribed in Fortran language by a computer program that automates iterations and calculations. Twelve parameters are changed in turn, or per group according to the cases studied, and the choice of the optimal solution of the parameters includes: emitter coefficients (a, y and Cvf); length and diameter of lateral pipes; the submain and main network (Lr, Dr, Ls, Ds, Lp, Dp); the roughness of the pipes (C); the spacing between the emitters (Δxr); the spacing between the lateral pipes (Δxs); and the water temperature. From these data of discharge and available pressure to the level of the parcel, the model precisely describes the distribution of the pressure and the discharges to all network emitters. In this case, the total discharge and the total required pressure, the uniformity of pressure and discharges are determined for each pattern of design. The combination of structural, functional and environmental factors is applied to guarantee an optimal exploitation taking into account the limits imposed by the specific norms for the micro-irrigation and the technical limits of velocity and pressure tolerance.Parameters that influence variations in uniformity are numerous and variable, which is why it is not easy to integrate them into this phase of study. The proposed model has merit as it avoids the complex numerical method of finite elements, recommended by some researchers (BRALTS et al., 1993; KANG and NISHIYAMA, 1994). The finite element method based on matrix structuring requires an important volume of iterations and calculations that could constitute a major constraint in the case of a large network. The model of BRALTS et al. (1993) is of particular interest in this regard ; our results have been confronted with those obtained with their model. Thus, the models presented in this study permit the simulation of water dynamics in micro-irrigation networks and offer the opportunity to determine the optimal design for such networks. Optimization is based on the variation of twelve classical parameters plus the associated geometric structure of the network, which was shown to be a non-negligible parameter. Optimization would not only reduce irrigation water volumes, but also fertilizer use and pumping energy. The example illustrated in Table 4 shows that although the networks deliver the same total discharge and have some similar design characteristics, the consumption of pumping energy changes from one geometric structure to another. Once a network is installed, it is impossible to change its design, so it is important to assure precision of the design calculations.This work shows promise in the simulation of the optimal design of micro-irrigation networks and also constitutes an economic means of making decisions. Moreover, the modelling results can guide field experimentation to explore other methods. Micro-irrigation can potentially solve many water shortage problems, but it requires further research in the safe reuse of low quality water and wastewater, the development of long term sustainability and the minimization salt accumulation and drainage problems

NATUREZA E AUTONOMIA DAS INSTITUIÇÕES FEDERAIS DE ENSINO SUPERIOR (IFES) BRASILEIRAS E OS REFLEXOS NA GESTÃO UNIVERSITÁRIA

A proposta deste artigo inclina-se para reflexões na seara da Administração Pública brasileira, voltadas ao exame das instituições educacionais que dela fazem parte. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral do presente estudo consiste em analisar as Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior (IFES), identificando como a natureza jurídica e a extensão da autonomia dessas entidades impactam a gestão universitária. Para tanto, inicialmente, será trazido um referencial teórico sobre a educação - “direito de todos e dever do Estado e da família” (art.205, da CR/88), bem como sobre a estrutura de ensino no Brasil, notadamente do ensino superior relativo ao sistema federal. Em termos metodológicos, vislumbra-se uma pesquisa do tipo aplicada, que busca contribuir para fins práticos, e não só teóricos. Ainda, no tocante às técnicas de pesquisa, adota-se a documentação indireta: pesquisa documental (fontes primárias) e estudo bibliográfico (fontes secundárias). Segue-se o desenvolvimento do artigo com a discussão e apresentação dos resultados referentes à natureza jurídica das IFES (autarquias e fundações universitárias) e aos contornos da autonomia que lhes é correlata, conduzindo essa abordagem à conclusão de que, independente de suas vestes, as instituições universitárias sujeitam-se aos ditames do regime jurídico administrativo