SSAM : towards supervised sentiment and aspect modeling on different levels of labeling

Abstract In recent years people want to express their opinion on every online service or product, and there are now a huge number of opinions on the social media, online stores and blogs. However, most of the opinions are presented in plain text and thus require a powerful method to analyze this volume of unlabeled reviews to obtain information about relevant details in minimum time and with a high accuracy. In this paper we propose a supervised model to analyze large unlabeled opinion data sets. This model has two phases: preprocessing and a Supervised Sentiment and Aspect Model (SSAM) which is an extended version of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) Model. In the preprocessing phase we input thousands of unlabeled opinions and received a set of (key, value) pairs in which a key holds a word or an opinion and a value holds supervised information such as a sentiment label of this word or opinion. After that we give these pairs to the proposed SSAM algorithm, which incorporates different levels of supervised information such as (document and sentence) levels or (document and term) levels of supervised information, to extract and cluster aspects related to a sentiment label and also classify opinions based on their sentiments. We applied SSAM to reviews of electronic devices and books from Amazon. The experiments show that the aspects found by SSAM capture more important aspects that are closely coupled with a sentiment label, and also in sentiment classification SSAM outperforms other topic models and comes close to supervised methods

Cut finite element methods for coupled bulk–surface problems

We develop a cut finite element method for a second order elliptic coupled bulk-surface model problem. We prove a priori estimates for the energy and L2L2 norms of the error. Using stabilization terms we show that the resulting algebraic system of equations has a similar condition number as a standard fitted finite element method. Finally, we present a numerical example illustrating the accuracy and the robustness of our approach

High temperature optical absorption investigation into the electronic transitions in sol–gel derived C12A7 thin films

Optical absorption into 6 mm thick sol–gel derived films, annealed at 1300 °C of 12CaO·7Al2O3 calcium aluminate binary compound on MgO〈100〉 single crystal substrates was studied at temperatures ranging from room temperature to 300 °C. Experimental data were analysed in both Tauc and Urbach regions. The optical band gap decreased from 4.088 eV at 25 °C to 4.051 eV at 300 °C, while Urbach energy increased from 0.191 eV at 25 °C to 0.257 eV at 300 °C. The relationship between the optical band gap and the Urbach energy at different temperatures showed an almost linear relationship from which the theoretical values of 4.156 and 0.065 eV were evaluated for the band gap energy and Urbach energy of a 12CaO·7Al2O3 crystal with zero structural disorder at 0 K

A Stabilized Cut Streamline Diffusion Finite Element Method for Convection-Diffusion Problems on Surfaces

We develop a stabilized cut finite element method for the stationary convection diffusion problem on a surface embedded in R d . The cut finite element method is based on using an embedding of the surface into a three dimensional mesh consisting of tetrahedra and then using the restriction of the standard piecewise linear continuous elements to a piecewise linear approximation of the surface. The stabilization consists of a standard streamline diffusion stabilization term on the discrete surface and a so called normal gradient stabilization term on the full tetrahedral elements in the active mesh. We prove optimal order a priori error estimates in the standard norm associated with the streamline diffusion method and bounds for the condition number of the resulting stiffness matrix. The condition number is of optimal order for a specific choice of method parameters. Numerical examples supporting our theoretical results are also included

What Can Self-Admitted Technical Debt Tell Us About Security? A Mixed-Methods Study

Self-Admitted Technical Debt (SATD) encompasses a wide array of sub-optimal design and implementation choices reported in software artefacts (e.g., code comments and commit messages) by developers themselves. Such reports have been central to the study of software maintenance and evolution over the last decades. However, they can also be deemed as dreadful sources of information on potentially exploitable vulnerabilities and security flaws. This work investigates the security implications of SATD from a technical and developer-centred perspective. On the one hand, it analyses whether security pointers disclosed inside SATD sources can be used to characterise vulnerabilities in Open-Source Software (OSS) projects and repositories. On the other hand, it delves into developers' perspectives regarding the motivations behind this practice, its prevalence, and its potential negative consequences. We followed a mixed-methods approach consisting of (i) the analysis of a preexisting dataset containing 8,812 SATD instances and (ii) an online survey with 222 OSS practitioners. We gathered 201 SATD instances through the dataset analysis and mapped them to different Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) identifiers. Overall, 25 different types of CWEs were spotted across commit messages, pull requests, code comments, and issue sections, from which 8 appear among MITRE's Top-25 most dangerous ones. The survey shows that software practitioners often place security pointers across SATD artefacts to promote a security culture among their peers and help them spot flaky code sections, among other motives. However, they also consider such a practice risky as it may facilitate vulnerability exploits. Our findings suggest that preserving the contextual integrity of security pointers disseminated across SATD artefacts is critical to safeguard both commercial and OSS solutions against zero-day attacks.Comment: Accepted in the 21th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR '24

The nature and persistence of the effects of posthypnotic suggestions on food preferences: The final report of an online study

The persistence of food preferences, which are crucial for diet-related decisions, is a significant obstacle to changing unhealthy eating behavior. To overcome this obstacle, the current study investigates whether posthypnotic suggestions (PHSs) can enhance food-related decisions by measuring food choices and subjective ratings. After assessing hypnotic susceptibility in Session 1, at the beginning of Session 2, a PHS was delivered aiming to increase the desirability of healthy food items (e.g., vegetables and fruit). After the termination of hypnosis, a set of two tasks was administrated twice, once when the PHS was activated and once deactivated in counterbalanced order. The task set consisted of rating 170 pictures of food items, followed by an online supermarket where participants were instructed to select enough food from the same item pool for a fictitious week of quarantine. After 1 week, Session 3 mimicked Session 2 without renewed hypnosis induction to assess the persistence of the PHS effects. The Bayesian hierarchical modeling results indicate that the PHS increased preferences and choices of healthy food items without altering the influence of preferences in choices. In contrast, for unhealthy food items, not only both preferences and choices were decreased due to the PHS, but also their relationship was modified. That is, although choices became negatively biased against unhealthy items, preferences played a more dominant role in unhealthy choices when the PHS was activated. Importantly, all effects persisted over 1 week, qualitatively and quantitatively. Our results indicate that although the PHS affected healthy choices through resolve, i.e., preferred more and chosen more, unhealthy items were probably chosen less impulsively through effortful suppression. Together, besides the translational importance of the current results for helping the obesity epidemic in modern societies, our results contribute theoretically to the understanding of hypnosis and food choices.Peer Reviewe

Study algicidial activity of 6 species (of) seaweed from Persian Gulf on growth (of) Cochlodinium polykrikoides

Harmful algal blooms resulting in red discoloration of coastal waters in the Persian Gulf, Iran were first observed in January 2007. The species responsible for the bloom, which was identified as Cochlodinium polykrikoides, coincided with massive aquatic organisms’ mortalities in the Persian Gulf. The effects of water soluble extract (0.2, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.6 g L-1) from 6 species of marine macroalgae; Ulva lactuca, Enthromorpha intistialis, Colpomenia sinuosa, Sargassum illicifolium, Gracilaria corticat and Hypnea valentiea , fresh thallus (2.5 and 5.0 g L-1) and macroalgal culture medium filtrate from 3species of marine macroalgae; E.intistialis, C.sinuosa, and H.valentiea on growth of Cochlodinium polkrikoides (Dinoflagellate) were investigated for 15 days in co-culture under controlled laboratory conditions. The results clearly showed that the growth of C. polkrikoides was significantly inhibited by the water-soluble extracts of seaweed at relatively all concentrations in contrast to control with any seaweeds extract (p<0.05). The growth inhibition of C. polykrikoides was significantly higher in co-culture with fresh thallus of E.intistialis, C.sinuosa and H.valentiea (p<0.05). In macroalgal culture medium filtrate the highest growth inhibition of C. polykrikoides was obtained in co-culture with E.intistialis and was significantly higher than the other macroalgal culture medium filtrate of seaweeds(p<0.05). Therefore, we could conclude that using the tested seaweeds either as an extract or in co-culture with fresh thallus could be used as an alternative to biological control of C. polykrikoides

COVID-19 publications: Database coverage, citations, readers, tweets, news, Facebook walls, Reddit posts

© 2020 The Authors. Published by MIT Press. This is an open access article available under a Creative Commons licence. The published version can be accessed at the following link on the publisher’s website: https://doi.org/10.1162/qss_a_00066The COVID-19 pandemic requires a fast response from researchers to help address biological, medical and public health issues to minimize its impact. In this rapidly evolving context, scholars, professionals and the public may need to quickly identify important new studies. In response, this paper assesses the coverage of scholarly databases and impact indicators during 21 March to 18 April 2020. The rapidly increasing volume of research, is particularly accessible through Dimensions, and less through Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. Google Scholar’s results included many false matches. A few COVID-19 papers from the 21,395 in Dimensions were already highly cited, with substantial news and social media attention. For this topic, in contrast to previous studies, there seems to be a high degree of convergence between articles shared in the social web and citation counts, at least in the short term. In particular, articles that are extensively tweeted on the day first indexed are likely to be highly read and relatively highly cited three weeks later. Researchers needing wide scope literature searches (rather than health focused PubMed or medRxiv searches) should start with Dimensions (or Google Scholar) and can use tweet and Mendeley reader counts as indicators of likely importance

First-Principles Investigations of the Structure, Electronic, and Optical Properties of Mullite-Type Orthorhombic Bi2M4O9 (M = Al3+, Ga3+)

The structure, electronic band structure, density of state, projected wave function, and optical properties of mullite-type orthorhombic Bi2M4O9 (M = Al3+, Ga3+) crystals have been studied by applying density functional theory based on the Vanderbilt ultrasoft pseudopotential in the frame of the generalized gradient approximation as an exchange–correlation function. Satisfactory agreement between experimental and theoretical results indicates that the used method and conditions are suitable. M–O bonds in tetrahedral MO4 environments are stronger and more covalent with respect to octahedral MO6; also Bi–O bonds in both studied structures are almost ionic in nature. The photocatalytic activity of Bi2Al4O9 and Bi2Ga4O9 is enhanced due to unequal values of Mulliken charges on the O atoms in MO4, MO6, and BiO6E groups. Bi2Al4O9 and Bi2Ga4O9 are direct and indirect band gap semiconductors with band gaps of 2.71 and 2.86 eV, respectively. Higher photocatalytic activity of Bi2Al4O9 is inferable from the lower effective masses of photogenerated carriers around the conduction band minimum and valence band maximum, in comparison with Bi2Ga4O9. The presence of M and O orbitals in the valence and conduction bands reveals that symmetry breaking in the MO4 and MO6 units has an important role in separating charges and increasing photocatalytic activity. Photocatalytic activities of Bi2Al4O9 and Bi2Ga4O9 for decomposition of organic pollutants and generation of hydrogen from water splitting are confirmed from band edge potentials

Quantitative growth of I.R Iran’s TVE graduates and skilled human resources with the aim of revising and reinforcing the curriculum

Background and Objectives:Education has been considered as the most basic factor of sustainable development in our country. Increasing acceptance of education at all levels increases the need to pay attention to superior quality, effective management and adaptation of education to the needs of society and the characteristics of the twenty-first century. Development of technical and vocational education needs special attention due to the limitations of universities and ways to achieve higher education and the need for youth employment, and especially the unemployment of university graduates. In addition, at this time, special attention should be paid to technical and vocational training as the main weapon of global competition. In addition to the secondary and associate level, technical and vocational training programs in Iran have been officially upgraded to the level of bachelor degree. Social demand for these trainings, especially at the associate level, has led to areas of development and special attention to these trainings. Given the importance of endogenous development and reliance on domestic forces in various aspects of economic, social and cultural development as a result of sustainable development, training skilled and efficient forces that can accelerate the movement of economic wheels and the country from dependence on skilled forces and foreign expert, technical and vocational training is of particular importance. But technical and vocational training can claim to fulfil this mission when its products are in harmony with the needs of the labour market, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In other words, the technical and professional graduate has been trained in the fields that the labour market needs and is equipped with techniques and skills that can meet the needs of companies and employers. If education development programs are carefully and quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated, they would clarify valuable issues whose results due to the long-term impact of education on society, can help education planners and decision makers and foster help to use the results of this review and evaluation in order to develop better and more complete programs for the development of education. Consequently, the present study compares the supply of technical and vocational graduates with the demand for manpower in this sector and includes examining the external efficiency and employment of graduates and comparing the supply and demand of trained personnel in the technical and vocational associate sector, disciplines and specialized groups. Methods: In this research, a descriptive survey method has been used. The graduate research questionnaire in collaboration with Colombo College was selected as the basis for this evaluation. The statistical population consisted of colleges and technical and vocational schools under the Ministry of Education at the time. In sampling, 24 fields and 69 centres (using multi-stage cluster sampling) were sampled. Findings: According to the research results, there is a moderate significant relationship between the job and gender of graduates. Also, 76% of employees have found jobs related to their education and only 22% of employees are self-employed; Cramer’s correlation coefficient has reported very high and effective. The relationship between gender and employment problems has also been reported to be significant. The results also show that in order to achieve the employment of technical and vocational graduates, another 63% of job opportunities are needed for 163 thousand people. Conclusion: The results show that in order to increase the real effectiveness of technical and vocational education in the country, the curriculum should include changes tailored to the needs and requirements. Some suggested changes according to the results of this research are: More practical units should be included in technical and vocational courses and disciplines. In theoretical discussions in the technical and professional field, more attention should be paid to issues related to entrepreneurship; and the activities and disciplines that are most attractive in the job market should be expanded. The results of the study show that the retraining ability of graduates is at a low level, so more attention should be paid to the basic courses in the curriculum. Planning for disciplines and centres should be based on land management. Centres should be considered as the centre of integration that have the highest rate of graduate attraction. According to the research results, there is a moderate significant relationship between the job and gender of graduates, that is, although there is a significant relationship between these two components, but it is necessary to make efforts to increase this relationship