33 research outputs found

    Immunity to Protozoan Parasites

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    Protozoan parasites cause several diseases, such as Malaria, Leishmaniasis, and Trypanosomiasis, hampering human development worldwide. Many protozoa cause infections that often follow chronic courses, owing to coevolution between parasites and host immune system. The survival and transmission of pathogenic protozoa depends on their ability to evade or subvert host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. A great challenge to research in immunology and parasitology is the development of strategies that favor immunity against protozoan parasites and prevent their evasion, chronic, or recurrent infections and associated pathologies. This special issue includes original papers and reviews that summarize current advances in our understanding on the mechanisms of immunity to protozoan parasites in humans and experimental animal models.Fil: Lopes, Marcela F. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrazilFil: Zamboni, Dario S. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrazilFil: Luján, Hugo Daniel. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Rodrigues, Mauricio M. , Escola Paulista de Medicina; Brazi

    A (re)produção de uma sentença: narrativas uníssonas sobre feminicídio em tribunais do júri

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    Este trabalho parte de uma pesquisa empírica realizada nos tribunais do júri de João Pessoa, Paraíba, no Brasil, junto aos operadores jurídicos e juízes leigos, entre 2016 e 2018. Através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, acompanhamos a inserção da categoria feminicídio pela Lei n.º 13.104/2015 nas narrativas e nas percepções das circunstâncias constituintes do crime pelos agentes de justiça. Isto evidenciou as conexões discursivas entre os cenários de violência doméstica, familiar e afetivo-conjugal e as mortes violentas de mulheres. Não obstante a sedimentação de uma linguagem de prevenção e combate à violência doméstica, notamos que a Lei de Feminicídio não é apreendida em sua plenitude, deixando à margem outras vidas e circunstâncias letais. Assim, há contextos, relações sociais e sujeitas que seguem invisíveis à apreensão dos agentes de justiça.This work is based on empirical research carried out in the jury courts of João Pessoa, Paraíba, in Brazil, along with forensic practitioners and lay judges between 2016 and 2018. Through semi-structured interviews we follow how, in accordance with Law 13.104/2015, the category of femicide is included in the narratives and the perceptions of the constituent circumstances of the crime by judicial authorities and agents. This emphasizes the discursive connections between the scenarios of domestic, familial and intimate partner violence and the violent and intentional deaths of women. Despite the sedimentation of a language of prevention and combat against domestic violence, we note that the Law of Femicide is not fully understood, putting lives at risk and allowing for deadly circumstances. Thus, there are contexts, social relationships and female subjects that judicial authorities and agents remain unaware of.Ce travail s’appuie sur une recherche empirique menée dans les cours d’assises de João Pessoa, Paraíba, au Brésil, avec des acteurs du domaine juridique et des juges non professionnels, entre 2016 et 2018. Au moyen d’entretiens semi-structurés, nous avons suivi l’introduction de la catégorie féminicide par la loi n.º 13.104/2015 dans les récits et les perceptions des circonstances constitutives de la criminalité par les agents de justice. Cela a démontré les liens discursifs entre les scénarios de violence domestique, familiale et affective-conjugale et les morts violentes de femmes. Malgré la sédimentation d’un langage de prévention et de lutte contre la violence domestique, nous notons que la loi sur le féminicide n’est pas entièrement assimilée, mettant en danger d’autres vies et laissant de côté des circonstances mortelles. Ainsi, il y a des contextes, des relations sociales et des sujettes qui restent invisibles à l’appréhension des agents de la justice

    Spatial risk of tuberculosis mortality and social vulnerability in Northeast Brazil

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    INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common infectious disease in the world. We aimed to analyze the spatial risk of tuberculosis mortality and to verify associations in high-risk areas with social vulnerability. METHODS: This was an ecological study. The scan statistic was used to detect areas at risk, and the Bivariate Moran Index was used to verify relationships between variables. RESULTS: High-risk areas of tuberculosis mortality were statistically significantly associated with domain 2 of the Social Vulnerability Index (I=0.010; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence regarding areas with high risk and that vulnerability is a determinant of TB mortality.publishersversionpublishe

    Spatial pattern and temporal trend of mortality due to tuberculosis

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    Objetivos: describir el perfil epidemiológico de la mortalidad por tuberculosis (TB), analizar el patrón espacial de estas muertes e investigar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por tuberculosis en el noreste de Brasil. Métodos: estudio ecológico basado en datos secundarios de mortalidad. Las muertes por TB se incluyeron en el estudio. Se calcularon las estadísticas descriptivas y se estimaron y suavizaron las tasas de mortalidad bruta mediante el Método Bayesiano Empírico Local. La regresión de Prais-Winsten se utilizó para analizar la tendencia temporal en los coeficientes de mortalidad por TB. La técnica de densidad de Kernel se utilizó para analizar la distribución espacial de la mortalidad por TB. Resultados: la tuberculosis estuvo presente en 236 muertes. El peso de muertes por tuberculosis fue mayor en hombres, personas solteras y personas de origen étnico mixto y la edad media al momento de la muerte fue de 51 años. Las muertes por tuberculosis se agruparon en los distritos de salud del este, oeste y norte y el coeficiente de mortalidad por tuberculosis se mantuvo estable durante todo el período de estudio. Conclusiones: los análisis del patrón espacial y la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad revelaron que ciertas áreas con tasas más altas de mortalidad por TB y, por lo tanto, deberían ser priorizadas en las intervenciones de salud pública dirigidas a esta enfermedad.Objectives: To describe the epidemiological profile of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB), to analyze the spatial pattern of these deaths and to investigate the temporal trend in mortality due to tuberculosis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: An ecological study based on secondary mortality data. Deaths due to TB were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were calculated and gross mortality rates were estimated and smoothed by the Local Empirical Bayesian Method. Prais-Winsten’s regression was used to analyze the temporal trend in the TB mortality coefficients. The Kernel density technique was used to analyze the spatial distribution of TB mortality. Results: Tuberculosis was implicated in 236 deaths. The burden of tuberculosis deaths was higher amongst males, single people and people of mixed ethnicity, and the mean age at death was 51 years. TB deaths were clustered in the East, West and North health districts, and the tuberculosis mortality coefficient remained stable throughout the study period. Conclusions: Analyses of the spatial pattern and temporal trend in mortality revealed that certain areas have higher TB mortality rates, and should therefore be prioritized in public health interventions targeting the disease.Objetivos: descrever o perfil epidemiológico da mortalidade por tuberculose (TB), analisar o padrão espacial dessas mortes e investigar a tendência temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose no Nordeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico baseado em dados secundários de mortalidade. As mortes por TB foram incluídas no estudo. As estatísticas descritivas e as taxas brutas de mortalidade foram calculadas e suavizadas pelo Método Bayesiano Empírico Local. A regressão de Prais-Winsten foi utilizada para analisar a tendência temporal dos coeficientes de mortalidade por tuberculose. A técnica de densidade de Kernel foi utilizada para analisar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por TB. Resultados: a tuberculose foi citada em 236 óbitos. A maioria das mortes por tuberculose ocorreu entre os homens, solteiros, de etnia mista e média de idade de 51 anos. As mortes por tuberculose concentraram-se nos distritos de saúde leste, oeste e norte e o coeficiente de mortalidade por tuberculose permaneceu estacionário ao longo do período de estudo. Conclusões: as análises do padrão espacial e da tendência temporal da mortalidade revelaram áreas com maiores taxas de mortalidade por TB, as quais devem ser priorizadas para intervenções de saúde pública visando o controle da doença

    Integrated health service delivery networks and tuberculosis avoidable hospitalizations: is there a relation between them in Brazil?

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    Abstract\ud \ud Background\ud The early identification of the Breathing Symptoms within the scope of Primary Health Care is recommended, and is also one of the strategies of national sanitary authorities for reaching the elimination of tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to consider which attributes and which territories have shown the most significant progress in Primary Health Care, in terms of coordination of Health Care Networks, and also check if those areas of Primary Health Care that are most critical regarding coordination, there were more or less cases of avoidable hospitalizations for tuberculosis.\ud \ud \ud Methods\ud This is an ecological study that uses primary and secondary data. For analysis, coropletic maps were developed through the ArcGIS software, version 10.2. There was also the calculation of gross annual and Bayesian rates for hospitalizations for tuberculosis, for each Primary Health Care territory.\ud \ud \ud Results\ud There were satisfactory results for attributes such as Population (n = 37; 80.4 %), Primary Health Care (n = 43; 93.5 %), Support System (n = 45; 97.8 %); the exceptions were Logistics System (n = 32; 76.0 %) and Governance System, with fewer units in good condition (n = 31; 67.3 %). There is no evidence of any connection between networks’ coordination by Primary Health Care and tuberculosis avoidable admissions.\ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud The results show that progress has been made regarding the coordination of the Health Care Networks, and a positive trend has been shown, even though the levels are not excellent. It was found no relationship between the critical areas of Primary Health Care and tuberculosis avoidable hospitalizations, possibly because other variables necessary to comprehend the phenomena.We are grateful to the Municipal Secretariat for Health, for the partnership\ud and support they have provided in the materialization of the study. We also\ud thank the coordinators of the Health Districts, for the articulation with the\ud managers of the Units and also as they have made it possible for us to\ud participate in the Ordinary General Meeting for the presentation of the\ud study. We thank the managers of the Health Units who have so kindly\ud opened the doors of their Units to our team, also encouraging the\ud participation of their employees. We thank the health workers for having\ud agreed to participate in the study, essentially as they have believed in the\ud potential of Primary Health Care for a change in model. Last but not least, to\ud the team from the Reference Hospital for making available the secondary\ud data. The Foundation of Support for Research of the State of São Paulo\ud (Fundação de Amparo e Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP)\ud (Processes No. 2012/51235-5 and No. 2013/22486-2)

    Quem acreditou no amor, no sorriso, na flor : a confiança nas relações amorosas

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    O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma discussão do conceito de confiança nas relações amorosas, que possa ser útil às novas inquietações e indagações sobre as relações afetivas da contemporaneidade, considerando-se os atuais padrões de relacionamentos adotados. Para tanto, partiu-se de alguns autores que contribuíram na elucidação do tema no âmbito das Ciências Sociais: Georg Simmel, Michel Foucault, Niklas Luhmann, Zygmunt Bauman e Anthony Giddens. Em Georg Simmel, podem-se apontar três possibilidades para pensar o problema da confiança nas relações amorosas: 1. o surgimento de uma moral geral-particular resultaria no reconhecimento mútuo entre homens e mulheres, viabilizando a confiança entre eles, 2. as mulheres conquistariam a liberdade social , através da repetição da objetividade criada pelo homem. Neste caso, a confiança seria restrita ao âmbito público e 3. as mulheres seriam capazes de combinar os elementos subjetivos e objetivos, sendo a confiança no amor possível apenas entre elas. Os homens viveriam então, num estado solipsista. A confiança nas relações amorosas, em Michel Foucault, poderia ser extraída de uma determinada formação discursiva, e criada pelas subjetividades dos objetos do mundo, e, portanto, variante e envolvido tanto pelas práticas de sujeição quanto pelas de liberação. Segundo Niklas Luhmann, a confiança é importante porque reduz a complexidade social. Nas relações amorosas, esse conceito deve ser visto a partir de sua teoria dos sistemas ou perspectiva neo-funcionalista. A fragilidade das relações amorosas no mundo contemporâneo é refletida na sensação de perigo que depende da ação de terceiros ou de fatores sociais o que pode levar o indivíduo a correr o risco resultado da decisão do agente e envolver-se menos. Superando-se esta possibilidade da relação entre risco e perigo, o amor seria transformado em confiança, esvaziando-se. Para Zygmunt Bauman, o amor líquido é definido por relações de interesse e de extremo egoísmo. As relações afetivas são comparadas às bolsas de valores, e a confiança costuma ser transformada em desconfiança, em um curto período de tempo. A durabilidade e a estabilidade das relações são trocadas pela preocupação do indivíduo em conectar-se à rede narcísica do mundo contemporâneo. Com uma visão mais otimista acerca do amor, e pode-se dizer aqui, da confiança nas relações amorosas, Anthony Giddens parte da democratização da vida pessoal, enfatizando as conquistas das mulheres e a combinação entre equidade, liberdade e autonomia. Ao final da análise deste trabalho, a fidelidade evidenciou-se como um elemento central da confiança nas relações amorosas. Tentou-se, portanto, apresentar algumas categorias que pudessem refletir as motivações dos indivíduos relativas à infidelidade: 1. Desejo (necessidades biológicas e psico-sociais), subdivido em: a) Desejo sexual e b) Desejo-paixão; 2. Reconhecimento social/não reconhecimento social; 3. Manutenção da relação; 4. Combustível da relação; 5. Teste; 6. Auto-encorajamento para terminar a relação; 7. Forma de encorajar a(o) parceira(o) para terminar a relação; 8. Razão instrumental; 9. Vingança e 10. Sistema Social. Essas categorias foram criadas para iluminar o debate sobre a contraditória valorização da fidelidade e sua negativa empírica no mundo hodierno, e enfatizar a necessidade de re-pactuar o vínculo amoroso, admitindo que o amor possa ser suplantado, considerando as elevadas chances do esvaziamento do sentimento, mas preservando os sentidos de amizade e de humanidad

    Contágio social em tribunais do júri

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    This work was carried out in the two Jury Courts of Joao Pessoa between the years 2015 and 2017. From semi-structured interviews with the lay judges, we present a reflection about the functioning of these courts and the power established among those involved in the production of the sentence. Next, we used a mathematical model of contagion, widely used in mathematical sociology and adjusted with the findings of the research, in order to explore the dynamics of social contagion among jurors. Both the qualitative research and the results of the application of the model allow us to conclude that the vices of permanence of the body of jurors, translated in the distinction between professional lay and neophyte ones can significantly compromise the exemption of the trial, in flagrant conflict with the guiding principles of the court of the jury.Este trabalho foi realizado nos dois Tribunais do Júri de João Pessoa, entre os anos de 2015 e 2017. A partir da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os juízes leigos, apresentamos uma reflexão acerca do funcionamento desses tribunais e do poder estabelecido entre os envolvidos na produção da sentença. Em seguida, utilizamos um modelo de contágio, amplamente utilizado na Sociologia Matemática e ajustado com os achados da pesquisa, a fim de explorar as dinâmicas do contágio social entre os jurados. Tanto a pesquisa qualitativa quanto os resultados da aplicação do modelo permitem concluir que os vícios de permanência do corpo de jurados, traduzidos na distinção entre juízes leigos neófitos e profissionais, podem comprometer significativamente a isenção do julgamento, em flagrante conflito com os princípios norteadores do tribunal do júri

    Como se articulam vergonha e quebra de confiança na justificação da ação moral

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    Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a relação entre medos e cotidiano, a partir de um caso ocorrido no bairro do Rangel, em João Pessoa, Paraíba, no mês de julho de 2009, ocorrência que ficou conhecida no imaginário de cidade como “a chacina do Rangel”. A narrativa apresentada, através de um balanço das emoções envolvidas no processo, se baseou na terminologia eliasiana sobre a vergonha, como um sentimento social e moral, associando-a às noções de quebra de confiança de Sennet (1980; 1972), de raiva-ira e de inferioridade trazidas por Retzinger (1991), Scheff (1990) e Scheff e Retzinger (1991), entre outros. The article The Roles of Shame and Breaking Trust in the Justification of Moral Action aims to offer an understanding of the relationship between fears and everyday life, based on a case that oc­curred in the neighborhood of Rangel, in João Pes­soa, Paraíba, Brazil, in July 2009. This event became known as The Rangel Massacre. Weighing up the emotions involved in the process, the narrative is based on the Eliasian terminology about shame, as a social and moral feeling, associating it to Sennet’s notions of breaking trust (1980; 1972), of anger and inferiority brought by Retzinger (1991), Scheff (1990) and Scheff and Retzinger (1991), among others. Keywords: massacre, fear, shame, trust, morality </p

    Unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes across Brazil's geographical landscape before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: are we truly advancing toward the sustainable development/end TB goal?

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    Abstract Background Tuberculosis is one of the most significant infectious diseases for global public health. The reallocation of healthcare resources and the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have hindered access to TB diagnosis and treatment. Increases in unfavorable outcomes of the disease have been observed in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of unfavorable TB treatment outcomes in Brazil before and during the pandemic. Methods An ecological study with spatial analysis was conducted with all 5569 municipalities in Brazil. All reported cases of tuberculosis between January 2010 and December 2021, as well as reported cases of COVID-19 from February 2020 to December 2021, were included. The outcomes studied encompass loss to follow-up, drug-resistant tuberculosis, and death. The Getis Ord GI* technique was employed to assess spatial association, and the Kernel density estimator was used to identify areas with concentrated increases or decreases in outcomes. Bivariate Local Moran's I was used to examine the spatial association between outcomes and COVID-19 incidence. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of RibeirĂŁo Preto Nursing School, University of SĂŁo Paulo. Results There were 134,394 cases of loss to follow-up, 10,270 cases of drug resistance, and 37,863 deaths. Clusters of high and low values were identified for all three outcomes, indicating significant changes in the spatial distribution patterns. Increases in concentrations were observed for lost to follow-up cases in the Southeast, while reductions occurred in the Northeast, South, and Midwest. Drug-resistant tuberculosis experienced an increase in the Southern and Southeastern regions and a decrease in the Northeast and South. TB-related deaths showed notable concentrations in the Midwest, Northeast, South, and Southeast. There was an increase in high occurrence clusters for deaths after 2020 and 2021 in the Northeast. Conclusions The pandemic has brought additional challenges, emphasizing the importance of enhancing efforts and disease control strategies, prioritizing early identification, treatment adherence, and follow-up. This commitment is vital for achieving the goal of tuberculosis elimination
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