33 research outputs found
Immunity to Protozoan Parasites
Protozoan parasites cause several diseases, such as Malaria,
Leishmaniasis, and Trypanosomiasis, hampering human development worldwide. Many protozoa cause infections that
often follow chronic courses, owing to coevolution between
parasites and host immune system. The survival and transmission of pathogenic protozoa depends on their ability to evade or subvert host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. A great challenge to research in immunology and parasitology is the development of strategies that favor immunity against protozoan parasites and prevent their evasion, chronic, or recurrent infections and associated pathologies.
This special issue includes original papers and reviews that
summarize current advances in our understanding on the
mechanisms of immunity to protozoan parasites in humans
and experimental animal models.Fil: Lopes, Marcela F. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; BrazilFil: Zamboni, Dario S. Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrazilFil: Luján, Hugo Daniel. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud; ArgentinaFil: Rodrigues, Mauricio M. , Escola Paulista de Medicina; Brazi
A (re)produção de uma sentença: narrativas unĂssonas sobre feminicĂdio em tribunais do jĂşri
Este trabalho parte de uma pesquisa empĂrica realizada nos tribunais do jĂşri de JoĂŁo Pessoa, ParaĂba, no Brasil, junto aos operadores jurĂdicos e juĂzes leigos, entre 2016 e 2018. AtravĂ©s de entrevistas semiestruturadas, acompanhamos a inserção da categoria feminicĂdio pela Lei n.Âş 13.104/2015 nas narrativas e nas percepções das circunstâncias constituintes do crime pelos agentes de justiça. Isto evidenciou as conexões discursivas entre os cenários de violĂŞncia domĂ©stica, familiar e afetivo-conjugal e as mortes violentas de mulheres. NĂŁo obstante a sedimentação de uma linguagem de prevenção e combate Ă violĂŞncia domĂ©stica, notamos que a Lei de FeminicĂdio nĂŁo Ă© apreendida em sua plenitude, deixando Ă margem outras vidas e circunstâncias letais. Assim, há contextos, relações sociais e sujeitas que seguem invisĂveis Ă apreensĂŁo dos agentes de justiça.This work is based on empirical research carried out in the jury courts of JoĂŁo Pessoa, ParaĂba, in Brazil, along with forensic practitioners and lay judges between 2016 and 2018. Through semi-structured interviews we follow how, in accordance with Law 13.104/2015, the category of femicide is included in the narratives and the perceptions of the constituent circumstances of the crime by judicial authorities and agents. This emphasizes the discursive connections between the scenarios of domestic, familial and intimate partner violence and the violent and intentional deaths of women. Despite the sedimentation of a language of prevention and combat against domestic violence, we note that the Law of Femicide is not fully understood, putting lives at risk and allowing for deadly circumstances. Thus, there are contexts, social relationships and female subjects that judicial authorities and agents remain unaware of.Ce travail s’appuie sur une recherche empirique menĂ©e dans les cours d’assises de JoĂŁo Pessoa, ParaĂba, au BrĂ©sil, avec des acteurs du domaine juridique et des juges non professionnels, entre 2016 et 2018. Au moyen d’entretiens semi-structurĂ©s, nous avons suivi l’introduction de la catĂ©gorie fĂ©minicide par la loi n.Âş 13.104/2015 dans les rĂ©cits et les perceptions des circonstances constitutives de la criminalitĂ© par les agents de justice. Cela a dĂ©montrĂ© les liens discursifs entre les scĂ©narios de violence domestique, familiale et affective-conjugale et les morts violentes de femmes. MalgrĂ© la sĂ©dimentation d’un langage de prĂ©vention et de lutte contre la violence domestique, nous notons que la loi sur le fĂ©minicide n’est pas entièrement assimilĂ©e, mettant en danger d’autres vies et laissant de cĂ´tĂ© des circonstances mortelles. Ainsi, il y a des contextes, des relations sociales et des sujettes qui restent invisibles Ă l’apprĂ©hension des agents de la justice
Spatial risk of tuberculosis mortality and social vulnerability in Northeast Brazil
INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common infectious disease in the world. We aimed to analyze the spatial risk of tuberculosis mortality and to verify associations in high-risk areas with social vulnerability. METHODS: This was an ecological study. The scan statistic was used to detect areas at risk, and the Bivariate Moran Index was used to verify relationships between variables. RESULTS: High-risk areas of tuberculosis mortality were statistically significantly associated with domain 2 of the Social Vulnerability Index (I=0.010; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence regarding areas with high risk and that vulnerability is a determinant of TB mortality.publishersversionpublishe
Spatial pattern and temporal trend of mortality due to tuberculosis
Objetivos: describir el perfil epidemiolĂłgico de la mortalidad por tuberculosis (TB), analizar el patrĂłn espacial de estas muertes e investigar la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad por tuberculosis en el noreste de Brasil. MĂ©todos: estudio ecolĂłgico basado en datos secundarios de mortalidad. Las muertes por TB se incluyeron en el estudio. Se calcularon las estadĂsticas descriptivas y se estimaron y suavizaron las tasas de mortalidad bruta mediante el MĂ©todo Bayesiano EmpĂrico Local. La regresiĂłn de Prais-Winsten se utilizĂł para analizar la tendencia temporal en los coeficientes de mortalidad por TB. La tĂ©cnica de densidad de Kernel se utilizĂł para analizar la distribuciĂłn espacial de la mortalidad por TB. Resultados: la tuberculosis estuvo presente en 236 muertes. El peso de muertes por tuberculosis fue mayor en hombres, personas solteras y personas de origen Ă©tnico mixto y la edad media al momento de la muerte fue de 51 años. Las muertes por tuberculosis se agruparon en los distritos de salud del este, oeste y norte y el coeficiente de mortalidad por tuberculosis se mantuvo estable durante todo el perĂodo de estudio. Conclusiones: los análisis del patrĂłn espacial y la tendencia temporal de la mortalidad revelaron que ciertas áreas con tasas más altas de mortalidad por TB y, por lo tanto, deberĂan ser priorizadas en las intervenciones de salud pĂşblica dirigidas a esta enfermedad.Objectives: To describe the epidemiological profile of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB), to analyze the spatial pattern of these deaths and to investigate the temporal trend in mortality due to tuberculosis in Northeast Brazil. Methods: An ecological study based on secondary mortality data. Deaths due to TB were included in the study. Descriptive statistics were calculated and gross mortality rates were estimated and smoothed by the Local Empirical Bayesian Method. Prais-Winsten’s regression was used to analyze the temporal trend in the TB mortality coefficients. The Kernel density technique was used to analyze the spatial distribution of TB mortality. Results: Tuberculosis was implicated in 236 deaths. The burden of tuberculosis deaths was higher amongst males, single people and people of mixed ethnicity, and the mean age at death was 51 years. TB deaths were clustered in the East, West and North health districts, and the tuberculosis mortality coefficient remained stable throughout the study period. Conclusions: Analyses of the spatial pattern and temporal trend in mortality revealed that certain areas have higher TB mortality rates, and should therefore be prioritized in public health interventions targeting the disease.Objetivos: descrever o perfil epidemiolĂłgico da mortalidade por tuberculose (TB), analisar o padrĂŁo espacial dessas mortes e investigar a tendĂŞncia temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose no Nordeste do Brasil. MĂ©todos: estudo ecolĂłgico baseado em dados secundários de mortalidade. As mortes por TB foram incluĂdas no estudo. As estatĂsticas descritivas e as taxas brutas de mortalidade foram calculadas e suavizadas pelo MĂ©todo Bayesiano EmpĂrico Local. A regressĂŁo de Prais-Winsten foi utilizada para analisar a tendĂŞncia temporal dos coeficientes de mortalidade por tuberculose. A tĂ©cnica de densidade de Kernel foi utilizada para analisar a distribuição espacial da mortalidade por TB. Resultados: a tuberculose foi citada em 236 Ăłbitos. A maioria das mortes por tuberculose ocorreu entre os homens, solteiros, de etnia mista e mĂ©dia de idade de 51 anos. As mortes por tuberculose concentraram-se nos distritos de saĂşde leste, oeste e norte e o coeficiente de mortalidade por tuberculose permaneceu estacionário ao longo do perĂodo de estudo. Conclusões: as análises do padrĂŁo espacial e da tendĂŞncia temporal da mortalidade revelaram áreas com maiores taxas de mortalidade por TB, as quais devem ser priorizadas para intervenções de saĂşde pĂşblica visando o controle da doença
Integrated health service delivery networks and tuberculosis avoidable hospitalizations: is there a relation between them in Brazil?
Abstract\ud
\ud
Background\ud
The early identification of the Breathing Symptoms within the scope of Primary Health Care is recommended, and is also one of the strategies of national sanitary authorities for reaching the elimination of tuberculosis. The purpose of this study is to consider which attributes and which territories have shown the most significant progress in Primary Health Care, in terms of coordination of Health Care Networks, and also check if those areas of Primary Health Care that are most critical regarding coordination, there were more or less cases of avoidable hospitalizations for tuberculosis.\ud
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Methods\ud
This is an ecological study that uses primary and secondary data. For analysis, coropletic maps were developed through the ArcGIS software, version 10.2. There was also the calculation of gross annual and Bayesian rates for hospitalizations for tuberculosis, for each Primary Health Care territory.\ud
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Results\ud
There were satisfactory results for attributes such as Population (n = 37; 80.4 %), Primary Health Care (n = 43; 93.5 %), Support System (n = 45; 97.8 %); the exceptions were Logistics System (n = 32; 76.0 %) and Governance System, with fewer units in good condition (n = 31; 67.3 %). There is no evidence of any connection between networks’ coordination by Primary Health Care and tuberculosis avoidable admissions.\ud
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Conclusion\ud
The results show that progress has been made regarding the coordination of the Health Care Networks, and a positive trend has been shown, even though the levels are not excellent. It was found no relationship between the critical areas of Primary Health Care and tuberculosis avoidable hospitalizations, possibly because other variables necessary to comprehend the phenomena.We are grateful to the Municipal Secretariat for Health, for the partnership\ud
and support they have provided in the materialization of the study. We also\ud
thank the coordinators of the Health Districts, for the articulation with the\ud
managers of the Units and also as they have made it possible for us to\ud
participate in the Ordinary General Meeting for the presentation of the\ud
study. We thank the managers of the Health Units who have so kindly\ud
opened the doors of their Units to our team, also encouraging the\ud
participation of their employees. We thank the health workers for having\ud
agreed to participate in the study, essentially as they have believed in the\ud
potential of Primary Health Care for a change in model. Last but not least, to\ud
the team from the Reference Hospital for making available the secondary\ud
data. The Foundation of Support for Research of the State of SĂŁo Paulo\ud
(Fundação de Amparo e Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP)\ud
(Processes No. 2012/51235-5 and No. 2013/22486-2)
Quem acreditou no amor, no sorriso, na flor : a confiança nas relações amorosas
O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma discussão do conceito de confiança nas
relações amorosas, que possa ser útil às novas inquietações e indagações sobre as relações
afetivas da contemporaneidade, considerando-se os atuais padrões de relacionamentos
adotados. Para tanto, partiu-se de alguns autores que contribuĂram na elucidação do tema
no âmbito das Ciências Sociais: Georg Simmel, Michel Foucault, Niklas Luhmann,
Zygmunt Bauman e Anthony Giddens.
Em Georg Simmel, podem-se apontar trĂŞs possibilidades para pensar o problema
da confiança nas relações amorosas: 1. o surgimento de uma moral geral-particular
resultaria no reconhecimento mútuo entre homens e mulheres, viabilizando a confiança
entre eles, 2. as mulheres conquistariam a liberdade social , através da repetição da
objetividade criada pelo homem. Neste caso, a confiança seria restrita ao âmbito público e
3. as mulheres seriam capazes de combinar os elementos subjetivos e objetivos, sendo a
confiança no amor possĂvel apenas entre elas. Os homens viveriam entĂŁo, num estado
solipsista.
A confiança nas relações amorosas, em Michel Foucault, poderia ser extraĂda de
uma determinada formação discursiva, e criada pelas subjetividades dos objetos do
mundo, e, portanto, variante e envolvido tanto pelas práticas de sujeição quanto pelas de
liberação.
Segundo Niklas Luhmann, a confiança é importante porque reduz a complexidade
social. Nas relações amorosas, esse conceito deve ser visto a partir de sua teoria dos sistemas ou perspectiva neo-funcionalista. A fragilidade das relações amorosas no mundo
contemporâneo é refletida na sensação de perigo que depende da ação de terceiros ou de
fatores sociais o que pode levar o indivĂduo a correr o risco resultado da decisĂŁo do
agente e envolver-se menos. Superando-se esta possibilidade da relação entre risco e
perigo, o amor seria transformado em confiança, esvaziando-se.
Para Zygmunt Bauman, o amor lĂquido Ă© definido por relações de interesse e de
extremo egoĂsmo. As relações afetivas sĂŁo comparadas Ă s bolsas de valores, e a confiança
costuma ser transformada em desconfiança, em um curto perĂodo de tempo. A
durabilidade e a estabilidade das relações sĂŁo trocadas pela preocupação do indivĂduo em
conectar-se Ă rede narcĂsica do mundo contemporâneo.
Com uma visão mais otimista acerca do amor, e pode-se dizer aqui, da confiança
nas relações amorosas, Anthony Giddens parte da democratização da vida pessoal,
enfatizando as conquistas das mulheres e a combinação entre equidade, liberdade e
autonomia.
Ao final da análise deste trabalho, a fidelidade evidenciou-se como um elemento
central da confiança nas relações amorosas. Tentou-se, portanto, apresentar algumas
categorias que pudessem refletir as motivações dos indivĂduos relativas Ă infidelidade: 1.
Desejo (necessidades biolĂłgicas e psico-sociais), subdivido em: a) Desejo sexual e b)
Desejo-paixão; 2. Reconhecimento social/não reconhecimento social; 3. Manutenção da
relação; 4. CombustĂvel da relação; 5. Teste; 6. Auto-encorajamento para terminar a
relação; 7. Forma de encorajar a(o) parceira(o) para terminar a relação; 8. Razão
instrumental; 9. Vingança e 10. Sistema Social. Essas categorias foram criadas para
iluminar o debate sobre a contraditĂłria valorização da fidelidade e sua negativa empĂrica no mundo hodierno, e enfatizar a necessidade de re-pactuar o vĂnculo amoroso, admitindo
que o amor possa ser suplantado, considerando as elevadas chances do esvaziamento do
sentimento, mas preservando os sentidos de amizade e de humanidad
Contágio social em tribunais do júri
This work was carried out in the two Jury Courts of Joao Pessoa between the years
2015 and 2017. From semi-structured interviews with the lay judges, we present a
reflection about the functioning of these courts and the power established among
those involved in the production of the sentence. Next, we used a mathematical
model of contagion, widely used in mathematical sociology and adjusted with the
findings of the research, in order to explore the dynamics of social contagion among
jurors. Both the qualitative research and the results of the application of the model
allow us to conclude that the vices of permanence of the body of jurors, translated in
the distinction between professional lay and neophyte ones can significantly compromise
the exemption of the trial, in flagrant conflict with the guiding principles of
the court of the jury.Este trabalho foi realizado nos dois Tribunais do JĂşri de JoĂŁo Pessoa, entre os anos de 2015 e 2017. A partir da realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os juĂzes leigos, apresentamos uma reflexĂŁo acerca do funcionamento desses tribunais e do poder estabelecido entre os envolvidos na produção da sentença. Em seguida, utilizamos um modelo de contágio, amplamente utilizado na Sociologia Matemática e ajustado com os achados da pesquisa, a fim de explorar as dinâmicas do contágio social entre os jurados. Tanto a pesquisa qualitativa quanto os resultados da aplicação do modelo permitem concluir que os vĂcios de permanĂŞncia do corpo de jurados, traduzidos na distinção entre juĂzes leigos neĂłfitos e profissionais, podem comprometer significativamente a isenção do julgamento, em flagrante conflito com os princĂpios norteadores do tribunal do jĂşri
Como se articulam vergonha e quebra de confiança na justificação da ação moral
Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a relação entre medos e cotidiano, a partir de um caso ocorrido no bairro do Rangel, em JoĂŁo Pessoa, ParaĂba, no mĂŞs de julho de 2009, ocorrĂŞncia que ficou conhecida no imaginário de cidade como “a chacina do Rangel”. A narrativa apresentada, atravĂ©s de um balanço das emoções envolvidas no processo, se baseou na terminologia eliasiana sobre a vergonha, como um sentimento social e moral, associando-a Ă s noções de quebra de confiança de Sennet (1980; 1972), de raiva-ira e de inferioridade trazidas por Retzinger (1991), Scheff (1990) e Scheff e Retzinger (1991), entre outros. The article The Roles of Shame and Breaking Trust in the Justification of Moral Action aims to offer an understanding of the relationship between fears and everyday life, based on a case that ocÂcurred in the neighborhood of Rangel, in JoĂŁo PesÂsoa, ParaĂba, Brazil, in July 2009. This event became known as The Rangel Massacre. Weighing up the emotions involved in the process, the narrative is based on the Eliasian terminology about shame, as a social and moral feeling, associating it to Sennet’s notions of breaking trust (1980; 1972), of anger and inferiority brought by Retzinger (1991), Scheff (1990) and Scheff and Retzinger (1991), among others. Keywords: massacre, fear, shame, trust, morality </p
Unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes across Brazil's geographical landscape before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: are we truly advancing toward the sustainable development/end TB goal?
Abstract Background Tuberculosis is one of the most significant infectious diseases for global public health. The reallocation of healthcare resources and the restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have hindered access to TB diagnosis and treatment. Increases in unfavorable outcomes of the disease have been observed in Brazil. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of unfavorable TB treatment outcomes in Brazil before and during the pandemic. Methods An ecological study with spatial analysis was conducted with all 5569 municipalities in Brazil. All reported cases of tuberculosis between January 2010 and December 2021, as well as reported cases of COVID-19 from February 2020 to December 2021, were included. The outcomes studied encompass loss to follow-up, drug-resistant tuberculosis, and death. The Getis Ord GI* technique was employed to assess spatial association, and the Kernel density estimator was used to identify areas with concentrated increases or decreases in outcomes. Bivariate Local Moran's I was used to examine the spatial association between outcomes and COVID-19 incidence. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of RibeirĂŁo Preto Nursing School, University of SĂŁo Paulo. Results There were 134,394 cases of loss to follow-up, 10,270 cases of drug resistance, and 37,863 deaths. Clusters of high and low values were identified for all three outcomes, indicating significant changes in the spatial distribution patterns. Increases in concentrations were observed for lost to follow-up cases in the Southeast, while reductions occurred in the Northeast, South, and Midwest. Drug-resistant tuberculosis experienced an increase in the Southern and Southeastern regions and a decrease in the Northeast and South. TB-related deaths showed notable concentrations in the Midwest, Northeast, South, and Southeast. There was an increase in high occurrence clusters for deaths after 2020 and 2021 in the Northeast. Conclusions The pandemic has brought additional challenges, emphasizing the importance of enhancing efforts and disease control strategies, prioritizing early identification, treatment adherence, and follow-up. This commitment is vital for achieving the goal of tuberculosis elimination