Development of an oximeter for neurology

Cerebral desaturation can occur during surgery manipulation, whereas otherparameters vary insignificantly. Prolonged intervals of cerebral anoxia can cause seriousdamage to the nervous system. Commonly used method for measurement of cerebral bloodflow uses invasive catheters. Other techniques include single photon emission computedtomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging(MRI). Tomographic methods frequently use isotope administration, that may result inanaphylactic reactions to contrast media and associated nerve diseases. Moreover, the high costand the need for continuous monitoring make it difficult to apply these techniques in clinicalpractice. Cerebral oximetry is a method for measuring oxygen saturation using infraredspectrometry. Moreover reflection pulse oximetry can detect sudden changes in sympathetictone. For this purpose the reflectance pulse oximeter for use in neurology is developed.Reflectance oximeter has a definite advantage as it can be used to measure oxygen saturation inany part of the body. Preliminary results indicate that the device has a good resolution and highreliability. Modern applied schematics have improved device characteristics compared withexisting ones

Hetarenesulfenyl(Selenyl) Chlorination of (+)-Camphene

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York. Novel S- and Se-containing terpenoids were prepared by reacting (+)-camphene with N-heterocyclic selenyland sulfenyl chlorides

Морфологічні особливості печінки статевозрілої собаки

The article describes the features of the macroscopic and microscopic structure of the liver of mature clinically healthy dogs for the use of anatomical, histological and morphometric methods of research. According to the results of organometallic and cytometric studies, the absolute and relative body mass, the volume of hepatocytes, their nuclei and the nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio were determined. Thus, the absolute weight of the liver in the mature dogs is variable and to a certain extent depends on the blood flow to the organ and is 427.4 ± 21.92 g, the relative weight – 2.69 ± 0.1%. Liver of mature dogs is a compact body of flattened form with sharp lower and lateral edges, with deep cuts, dark red color. The histoarhitectonics of the liver of dogs are constructed with connective tissue and parenchyma. The stroma of the organ is formed by a capsule, on top of which is serous membrane. In the area of the gates of the liver, the connective tissue of the capsule penetrates into the middle of the organ, branching and dividing it into lobules. Then it is formed by the hepatic plates by the intraosseous sinusoid capillaries. Liver plates are specific endpoint of the secretory unit of the liver. It has been found that in the microscopic structure of the liver of the dogs, the interstitial connective tissue is poorly developed, therefore the boundaries between the liver lobules are not sufficient. The liver plates behind the microscopic structure have a radial direction from the center to the periphery. The direction closer to the periphery of the particles is less noticeable, since hepatocytes are located in two rows, between which the sinusoidal space clearly appears. Hepatocytes had an irregular, multifaceted form. Their nuclei, which were mainly in the center of the cell, had little clarity of contours of carriel and well perceived color. During microscopic examination of the liver, it is swollen that hepatocytes of the central and intermediate zones are better perceived by color than the cytoplasm of the cells of the peripheral zone of the liver. According to the analysis of our cytomorphometric studies, hepatocytes of dogs have different sizes, which vary in wide range: from small to large. Whereas the average volume of hepatocytes in mature dogs is 964.72 ± 56.003 μm³; the average volume of their nuclei is 105.13 ± 2.02 microns. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio of hepatocytes in dogs of this group is 0.128 ± 0.122.У статті за використання анатомічних, гістологічних та морфометричних методів досліджень викладено особливості макро- та мікроскопічної будови печінки статевозрілих клінічно здорових собак. За результатами органо – гісто- та цитометричних досліджень з’ясовано абсолютну та відносну масу органу, об’єм гепатоцитів, їх ядер та ядерно-цитоплазматичне відношення. Так, абсолютна маса печінки у статевозрілих собак мінлива і в певній мірі залежить від кровонаповнення органа і становить 427,4 ± 21,92 г, відносна маса – 2,69 ± 0,1%. Печінка статевозрілих собак компактний орган сплющеної форми з гострими нижнім і бічними краями, з глибокими вирізками, темно-червоного кольору. Гістоархітектоніка печінки собак побудована зі сполучнотканинної строми і зі паренхіми. Строма органа сформована капсулою, поверх якої міститься серозна оболонка. У ділянці воріт печінки, сполучна тканина капсули проникає всередину органа, розгалужується і ділить його на часточки. Останні утворені печінковими пластинками внутрішньочасточковими синусоїдними капілярами. Печінкові пластинки являють собою специфічний кінцевий секреторний відділ печінки. З’ясовано, що у мікроскопічній будові печінки собак міжчасточкова сполучна тканина слабко розвинена, тому межі між печінковими часточками маловиражені. Печінкові пластинки за мікроскопічної будови мають радіальний напрямок, від центру до периферії. Ближче до периферії часточок їх напрямок менш помітний, оскільки гепатоцити розташовувались двома рядами, між якими чітко виявляється синусоїдальний простір. Гепатоцити мали неправильну, багатогранну форму. Їх ядра, які містилися в основному у центрі клітини, мали чітко контуровану каріолему і добре сприймали забарвлення. Під час мікроскопічного дослідження печінки відмічено, що гепатоцити центральної і проміжної зон краще сприймали забарвлення, ніж цитоплазма клітин периферичної зони печінкової частки. Згідно з аналізом проведених нами цитоморфометричних досліджень, гепатоцити собак мають різні розміри, які коливаються у широких межах: від малих до великих. При тім, що середній об’єм гепатоцитів у статевозрілих собак становить 964,72 ± 56,003 мкм³; середній об’єм їх ядер – 105,13 ± 2,02 мкм3. Ядерно-цитоплазматичне відношення гепатоцитів у собак цієї групи складає 0,128 ± 0,122

Overview of metabolomic markers used for diagnosing cardiovascular diseases

At present, metabolomics is an intensively developing approach to the specific diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Metabolic analysis allows the study of complete metabolomic profiles and their deviations resulting from changes, for example, gene and RNA expression, protein activity, or environmental factors. Analysis of the metabolomic blood profile helps in solving a large number of scientific and clinical problems, one of which is the search for markers of diseases, in particular, cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Aim of the study was to investigate metabolomic markers used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases on the basis of literature data. Material and methods. The literature data was analyzed for key words: cardiovascular diseases, metabolomics, metabolic profile, metabolomic markers in da- tabases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CyberLeninka, PatentDB, Science Direct Open Access, eLibrary. Results. Analysis of literature data and patent search confirms the high importance of metabolomic markers in the diagnosis of CVD. In the patent literature, BNP/NT-proBNP is most common used as a metabolic marker of CVD (11.27 %). The use of CRP (8.99 %) and troponin (8.49 %) is also common. PICP (0.02 %), sVCAM-1 (0.09 %), stimulating growth factor ST-2 (0.12 %) and thrombomodulin (0.12 %) as metabolic markers of CVD. Conclusions. Against the backdrop of analytical methods, metabolomics is the most important diagnostic area. At the same time, it should be noted that by combining the results of the analysis of metabolic studies with others, for example, genomic and proteomic, one can get a complete picture of the pathogenesis of diseases, assess the risk of complications, and also determine the effectiveness of the treatment

Constructing a new understanding of the environment under postsocialism

This paper introduces a special grouping of papers on the theme of the environment and postsocialism. After the collapse of state socialism in Europe between 1989 and 1991, many immediate approaches to environmental reconstruction assumed that economic liberalisation and democratisation would alleviate problems. Since then, critics have argued that these proposed solutions were themselves problematic, and too closely reflected Western European and North American conceptions of environmental quality and democracy. The result has been a counterreaction focusing on detail and specificity at national levels and below. In this paper, we summarise debates about the environment and postsocialism since the period 1989 - 91. In particular, we examine whether an essentialistic link can be made between state socialism and environmental problems, and how far civil society -- or environmentalism -- may result in an improvement in perceived environmental quality. Finally, we consider the possibility for developing an approach to the environment and postsocialism that lies between crude generalisation and microscale studies

The detection of neutrino interactions in the emulsion/lead target of the OPERA experiment

The OPERA neutrino detector in the underground Gran Sasso Laboratory (LNGS) was designed to perform the first detection of neutrino oscillations in appearance mode through the study of $\nu_\mu\to\nu_\tau$ oscillations. The apparatus consists of an emulsion/lead target complemented by electronic detectors and it is placed in the high energy long-baseline CERN to LNGS beam (CNGS) 730 km away from the neutrino source. Runs with CNGS neutrinos were successfully carried out in 2007 and 2008 with the detector fully operational with its related facilities for the emulsion handling and analysis. After a brief description of the beam and of the experimental setup we report on the collection, reconstruction and analysis procedures of first samples of neutrino interaction events

First Observation of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission in a Free-Electron Laser at 109 nm Wavelength

We present the first observation of Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) in a free-electron laser (FEL) in the Vacuum Ultraviolet regime at 109 nm wavelength (11 eV). The observed free-electron laser gain (approx. 3000) and the radiation characteristics, such as dependency on bunch charge, angular distribution, spectral width and intensity fluctuations all corroborate the existing models for SASE FELs.Comment: 6 pages including 6 figures; e-mail: [email protected]

Whole genome analysis reveals aneuploidies in early pregnancy loss in the horse

The first 8 weeks of pregnancy is a critical time, with the majority of pregnancy losses occurring during this period. Abnormal chromosome number (aneuploidy) is a common finding in human miscarriage, yet is rarely reported in domestic animals. Equine early pregnancy loss (EPL) has no diagnosis in over 80% of cases. The aim of this study was to characterise aneuploidies associated with equine EPL. Genomic DNA from clinical cases of spontaneous miscarriage (EPLs; 14–65 days of gestation) and healthy control placentae (various gestational ages) were assessed using a high density genotyping array. Aneuploidy was detected in 12/55 EPLs (21.8%), and 0/15 healthy control placentae. Whole genome sequencing (30X) and digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) validated results. The majority of these aneuploidies have never been reported in live born equines, supporting their embryonic/fetal lethality. Aneuploidies were detected in both placental and fetal compartments. Rodents are currently used to study how maternal ageing impacts aneuploidy risk, however the differences in reproductive biology is a limitation of this model. We present the first evidence of aneuploidy in naturally occurring equine EPLs at a similar rate to human miscarriage. We therefore suggest the horse as an alternative to rodent models to study mechanisms resulting in aneuploid pregnancies

A global agenda for advancing freshwater biodiversity research

This manuscript is a contribution of the Alliance for Freshwater Life (www.allianceforfreshwaterlife.org). We thank Nick Bond, Lisa Bossenbroek, Lekima Copeland, Dean Jacobsen, Maria Cecilia Londo?o, David Lopez, Jaime Ricardo Garcia Marquez, Ketlhatlogile Mosepele, Nunia Thomas-Moko, Qiwei Wei and the authors of Living Waters: A Research Agenda for the Biodiversity of Inland and Coastal Waters for their contributions. We also thank Peter Thrall, Ian Harrison and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments that helped improve the manuscript. Open access funding enabled and organised by Projekt DEAL