Aviation Law Comes Home to the Main Street Lawyer

Well controlled in length and highly aligned ZnO nanorods were grown on the gold-coated glass substrate by hydrothermal growth method. ZnO nanorods were functionalised with selective thallium (I) ion ionophore dibenzyldiaza-18-crown-6 (DBzDA18C6). The thallium ion sensor showed wide linear potentiometric response to thallium (I) ion concentrations ( M to  M) with high sensitivity of 36.87 ± 1.49 mV/decade. Moreover, thallium (I) ion demonstrated fast response time of less than 5 s, high selectivity, reproducibility, storage stability, and negligible response to common interferents. The proposed thallium (I) ion-sensor electrode was also used as an indicator electrode in the potentiometric titration, and it has shown good stoichiometric response for the determination of thallium (I) ion

Enhancing the rheological properties and shale inhibition behavior of water-based mud using nanosilica, multi-walled carbon nanotube, and graphene nanoplatelet

Five different drilling mud systems namely potassium chloride (KCl) as a basic mud, KCl/partial hydrolytic polyacrylamide (PHPA), KCl/graphene nanoplatelet (GNP), KCl/nanosilica and KCl/multi-walled carbon nano tube (MWCNT) were prepared and investigated for enhancement of rheological properties and shale inhibition. Nanoparticles were characterized in drilling mud using transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis. Mineralogical analysis of shale was examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Five shale plugs were prepared using compactor cell for the determination of shale swelling. Shale swelling was determined using the linear swell meter (LSM) for 20 hours. Results revealed that basic mud and KCl/polymer mud systems shows 30% and 24% change in shale volume. MWCNT, nanosilica and GNP were added separately in the KCl mud system. 0.1 ppb of each MWCNT and nanosilica showed 32% and 33% change in shale volume. However, when the shale was interacted with WBM containing 0.1 ppb of GNP, it was found that only 10% change in shale volume occurred. The results showed that the addition of nanoparticles in the KCl mud system improved the shale inhibition. API, HPHT filtrate loss volume, plastic viscosity (PV) and yield point (YP) were improved using GNP. It is learned from the experimental work that small concentration of KCl with GNP can mitigate shale swelling compared to the mud contains higher concentration of KCl and PHPA in WBM. Thus, GNP can be a better choice for enhancement of WBM performance

The Synthesis of NiO/TiO 2

In this work, a heterojunction based on p-type NiO/n-type TiO2 nanostructures has been prepared on the fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate by hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction techniques were used for the morphological and crystalline arrays characterization. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to determine the valence-band offset (VBO) of the NiO/TiO2 heterojunction prepared on FTO glass substrate. The core levels of Ni 2p and Ti 2p were utilized to align the valence-band offset of p-type NiO/n-type TiO2 heterojunction. The valence band offset was found to be ∼0.41 eV and the conduction band was calculated about ∼0.91 eV. The ratio of conduction band offset and the valence-band offset was found to be 2.21

In-situ growth of nonstoichiometric CrO0.87 and Co3O4 hybrid system for the enhanced electrocatalytic water splitting in alkaline media

The development of electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting has received considerable attention in response to the growing demand for renewable energy sources and environmental concerns. In this study, a simple hydrothermal growth approach was developed for the in-situ growth of non-stoichiometric CrO0.87 and Co3O4 hybrid materials. It is apparent that the morphology of the prepared material shows a heterogeneous aggregate of irregularly shaped nanoparticles. Both CrO0.87 and Co3O4 have cubic crystal structures. Its chemical composition was governed by the presence of Co, Cr, and O as its main constituents. For understanding the role CrO0.87 plays in the half-cell oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline conditions, CrO0.87 was optimized into Co3O4 nanostructures. The hybrid material with the highest concentration of CrO0.87 was found to be highly efficient at driving OER reactions at 255 mV and 20 mA cm−2. The optimized material demonstrated excellent durability for 45 h and a Tafel slope of 56 mV dec−1. Several factors may explain the outstanding performance of CrO0.87 and Co3O4 hybrid materials, including multiple metallic oxidation states, tailored surface properties, fast charge transport, and surface defects. An alternative method is proposed for the preparation of new generations of electrocatalysts for the conversion and storage of energy

Novel zinc oxide nanoparticles deposited acrylamide composite used for enhancing the performance of water-based drilling fluids at elevated temperature conditions

Multifunctional nano-micron composite compared to single nano-sphere materials revealed wide applications to enhance the physical and chemical stability of base fluids. Therefore, it can be a possible solution for the improvement of the rheological properties and shale inhibition characteristics of conventional water-based drilling fluid (WBDF). The primary goal of the study was to investigate the effects zinc oxide nanoparticles-acrylamide composite termed as ZnO-Am composite over rheological and shale swelling behavior of conventional WBDF. Herein, ZnO-Am composite was synthesized and successfully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermalgravimeteric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and field emission electron microscope (FESEM). Results revealed that the rheological properties such as 10-min gel strength (10-min GS), apparent viscosity (AV), and plastic vicscocity (PV) were slightly increased and obtained within operating range at 150 °F by adding the synthesized composite in conventional WBDF. Lubricity was improved by 25% at 150 °F. API filtrate loss volume was reduced by 14%. Elevated temperature and pressure (ETP) filtrate loss volume (500 psi, 250 °F) was slightly minimized. Shale swelling was merely reduced from 16% to 9%. These findings will contribute to enhance the oil and gas well drilling operations

Nanoparticles based drilling muds a solution to drill elevated temperature wells: A review

Demand of the oil and gas energy is increasing very drastically. Conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs contain below the sealing cap rock (shale) and easily move towards wellbore are at the depletion stage. Therefore, drilling engineers in collaboration with mud engineers, geologists and geophysicists are looking for innovative materials to drill unconventional hydrocarbons reservoir which are distributed at the basin scale and cannot approach easily. Geo-thermal energy wells and most of unconventional reservoirs are occurred at high pressure high temperature (HPHT) conditions. Conventional micro-macro organic drilling mud additives with heat insulator in nature can minimize efficiency while drilling HPHT wells. Oil-based muds (OBM) are strictly restricted due to high toxic level and poor emulsion stability at HT. However, this review suggests that addition of macro size organic particles and inorganic nanoparticles can enhance rheological performance, reduce filtrate loss volume and improve shale inhibition characteristics of environmental friendly water-based mud (WBM). Despite an impressive amount of experimental work has been done over drilling additives and their effect over rheological and shale inhibition, taking into account their literature review are rare. In addition, there is no review work of the knowledge gained to date. This work will hope fully trigger further development and new research topics in the area of drilling muds system

A sensitive enzyme-free lactic acid sensor based on NiO nanoparticles for practical applications

A facile and efficient electrochemical sensing platform has been successfully exploited for the first time for the determination of lactic acid using a nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticle-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Nickel oxide nanoparticles were prepared by a chemical growth method using different quantities of arginine as a soft template. The structural and morphological properties of NiO nanoparticles were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to study the electrochemical properties of various samples. The modified electrode is highly sensitive and presents a linear response over a wide range (0.005-5 mM) of lactic acid concentrations in 0.1 M NaOH. The detection limit for the sensor was found to be 5.7 mu M, and it exhibits good stability. Furthermore, the sensor shows excellent selectivity in the presence of common interfering species. The lactic acid sensor showed good viability for lactic acid analysis in real samples (milk, yogurt and red wine) and demonstrated significant advancement in sensor technology for practical applications

Functional Nickel Oxide Nanostructures for Ethanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media

Nickel oxide (NiO) nanostructures are employed in the basic medium for the oxidation of ethanol. A variety of NiO nanostructures are synthesized by wet chemical growth method, using different hydroxide (OH−) ion sources, particularly from ammonia, hexamethylenetetramine, urea and sodium hydroxide. The use of urea as (OH−) ion source results in flower-like NiO structures composed by extremely thin nanowalls (thickness lower than 10 nm,), which demonstrated to be the most active for ethanol oxidation. All the samples exhibit NiO cubic phase, and no other impurity was detected. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves of NiO nanostructures were found linear over the concentration range 0.1–3.5 mM (R2=0.99) of ethanol, with the limit of detection estimated to be 0.013 mM for ethanol. The NiO nanostructures exhibit a selective signal towards ethanol oxidation in the presence of different members of alcohol family. The proposed NiO nanostructures showed a significant practicality for the reproducible and sensitive determination of ethanol from brandy, whisky, mixture of brandy and rum, and vodka samples. The nanomaterial was used as a surface modifying agent for the glassy carbon electrode and it showed a stable electro-oxidation activity for the ethanol for 16 days. These findings indicate that the presented NiO nanomaterial can be applied in place of noble metals for ethanol sensing and other environmental applications (like fuel cells)

Effect of Different Seed Solutions on the Morphology and Electrooptical Properties of ZnO Nanorods

The morphology and electrooptical properties of ZnO nanorods synthesized on monoethanolamine-based seed layer and KOH-based seed layer were compared. The seed solutions were prepared in monoethanolamine in 2-methoxyethanol and potassium hydroxide in methanol, respectively. Zinc acetate dihydrate was as a common precursor in both solutions. The nanorod-ZnOs were synthesized via the spin coating of two different seed solutions on silicon substrates followed by their hydrothermal growth. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), and Raman studies revealed that the ZnO nanorods obtained from monoethanolamine-based seed layer had fewer defects, better crystals, and better alignment than those realized via KOH-based seed layer. However, the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics demonstrated better conductivity of the ZnO nanorods obtained via KOH-based seed layer. The current measured in forward bias was 4 mA and 40 μA for ZnO-nanorods grown on KOH-based seed layer and monoethanolamine-based with the turn on voltage of approximately 1.5 V and 2.5 V, respectively, showing the feasibility of using both structures in optoelectric devices