Predicative suffixation in Algonquian

Some languages use predicative inflection constructions (Bertinetto et al. 2021) as an alternative to verbal and non-verbal copulas for the expression of proper inclusion (‘s/he is a teacher’) and identity predication (‘s/he is my teacher’). Such constructions have not received much attention in the comparative literature, but they occasionally appear in descriptions of languages of Africa, Australia, and the Americas. The Algonquian languages of North America have a distinct brand of such constructions, which come in two main structural types. First, a non-verbal element may take a derivational suffix that creates an intransitive verb (-ini in (1a)), which can then be inflected like any other such verb in the language (1b) in order to work as a predicative expression of proper inclusion: (1) Arapaho (Cowell & Moss 2008: 428, 31) a. neeyéí3eibeihíí-ini-noo IC\teacher-VBLZ:AI-1SG ‘I am a teacher.’ b. bééne-noo drink.AI-1SG ‘I am drinking.’ Second, a non-verbal element may take a copulative suffix that creates a predicative expression of identity (-o’ka in (2a)) without turning its host into a bona fide verbal word like (2b), either as to its stem structure or regarding its inflectional potential: (2) Blackfoot (Frantz 2009: 69; Frantz & Russell 2017: 251; glosses added) a. am-wa-o’ka am-wa nit-ohkíímaan(-wa) DEM-PROX-COP DEM-PROX 1-wife-PROX ‘That one is my wife.’ b. ii-sim-i-wa PST-drink-AI-3SG.PROX ‘S/he drank.’ Such copulative suffixes may stand in a privative opposition to unmarked forms, like in (2), or participate in an equipollent opposition to non-predicative forms, like in (3): (3) Menominee (Bloomfield 1962: 206; glosses added) a. yo·-q n-e·k DEM-PRED 1-house ‘This is my house.’ b. yo·-m ese·qta-w DEM-NPRED act.so.AI-3 ‘S/he does like this.’ Based upon extant descriptions of Algonquian languages, this paper surveys such affixes in the family, systematizing the main formal and functional regularities found. The study claims that the relevant parameters of variation of Algonquian predicative inflection constructions in particular, as well as of non-verbal predication constructions in general, include the following: the lexical vs. indexical status of the subject (i.e., whether it is a lexical NP or a personal/demonstrative pronoun), the syntactic status of the predicate (viz., whether it is an NP, a relative clause, a finite clause, etc.), and some features of the whole clause (e.g., polarity, tense-aspect-modality, and illocutionary force)

Differential and non-differential object indexing in Mapudungun

Mapudungun (ISO 639-3: arn), an unclassified language currently spoken in Chile and Argentina, shows a relatively fluid object indexing system subject to an interplay of different semantic and pragmatic factors. The data in (1) show examples of transitive main clauses where the 3rd-person object index -fi (< fey ‘that’, originally a pronominal medial demonstrative) is used (1a-b) or not (1c-d), depending on specific values of animacy, definiteness, accessibility, and topicality of the primary object (Augusta 1903: 71–75; Salas 2006: 107–118; Smeets 2008: 153–154, 211–223; Zúñiga 2010, 2019). Essentially, the marker routinely appears as anaphoric index (1a); definite and/or human objects sometimes trigger fi-marking when relatively high in topicality (1b-c); indefinite inanimate objects and non-finite verb forms in object function (1d) are never indexed. Nevertheless, the sensitivity of Mapudungun argument marking to morphological and syntactic factors has received only little attention in the literature. Regarding morphological factors, when comparing finite and non-finite verb forms —roughly: main-clause and subordinate-clause forms—, both the fluidity and the 3rd-person specificity of -fi basically vanish: fi is either optional or even obligatory with most nonfinite forms denoting interactions between 1st and 2nd persons (2). Regarding syntactic factors, even with finite verb forms it is only primary objects of monotransitive predicates that show real fluidity; ditransitive verbs, especially when derived, virtually always index their primary object (3). Based both on the descriptive literature on Mapudungun and on some extant corpora of narrative texts (Augusta 1910, Moesbach 1930, and Salas 2006), the present talk aims at drawing a more complete and systematic picture of object indexing in the language than previous studies. In addition to presenting the empirical facts, the talk discusses the significance of the limits of Mapudungun Differential Object Indexing for our understanding of argument marking in that language and in general.   Examples (1) a. pe-fi-ngu see-3.OBJ-3DU.SBJ[IND] ‘They (DU) saw them.’ (Salas 2006: 244) b. dew fem-li mütrüm-a-fi-ñ tañi pu karukato after do.so-1SG.SBJ.SBJV call-FUT-3.OBJ-1SG.SBJ.IND 1SG.PSR PL neighbor ka feypi-a-fi-ñ: “küpa-m-ün!” and say-FUT-3.OBJ-1SG.SBJ.IND come[IMP]-2-PL ‘After doing so, I’ll call my neighbors and will tell them: “Come!”’ (Salas 2006: 260) c. fey pe-y tripa-pa-n then see-IND[3.SBJ] exit-CIS-NFIN ‘He then saw [her] coming hither.’ (Salas 2006: 240) d. pe-y tañi kellu-a-etew see-IND[3.SBJ] 3.PSR help-FUT-NFIN.INV ‘[The fox] saw how [s/he] helped him.’ (Salas 2006: 301) (2) a. padre manda-enew taiñ ye-w-pa-y-a(-fi)-el padre order-3→1SG.IND 1PL.PSR take-REFL-CIS-EP-FUT-FI-NFIN ‘The padre told me to take/bring you (NS).’ (Augusta 1903: 214) b. iñche mi pe-fi-el vs. eymi mi pe-fi-el 1SG.PRO 2SG.PSR see-FI-NFIN 2SG.PRO 2SG.PSR see-FI-NFIN ‘my seeing you (SG)’ ‘your (SG) seeing me’ (Smeets 2008: 211) (3) a. fey elu??(-fi) chi pu trewa then give-3.OBJ[3.SBJ.IND] ART PL dog ‘Then he gave [them] to the dogs.’ (Salas 2006: 262) b. ropa-l*(-fi) tachi pichi che put.clothes-APPL-3.OBJ[3.SBJ.IND] ART little person ‘They dressed the child.’ (Salas 2006: 316) Abbreviations APPL applicative, ART article, CIS cislocative, DU dual, EP epenthesis, FUT future, IMP imperative, IND indicative, INV inverse, NFIN non-finite, NS non-singular, OBJ object, PL plural, PRO personal pronoun, PSR possessor, REFL reflexive, SBJ subject, SBJV subjunctive, SG singular References Augusta, F. J. de. 1903. Gramática araucana. Valdivia: Imprenta Central J. Lampert. Augusta, F. J. de. 1910. Lecturas araucanas. Valdivia: Imprenta de la Prefectura Apostólica. Moesbach, E. W. de. 1930. Vida y costumbres de los indígenas araucanos en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Santiago de Chile: Imprenta Cervantes. Salas, A. 2006. El mapuche o araucano. 2nd, rev. ed. Santiago de Chile: Centro de Estudios Públicos. Smeets, I. 2008. A gramar of Mapuche. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Zúñiga, F. 2010. La marca diferencial del objeto en mapudungún. Lingüística 24: 141–164. Zúñiga, F. 2019. Grammatical relations in Mapudungun. In A. Witzlack-Makarevich & B. Bickel (eds.), Argument selectors: A new perspective on grammatical relations, 39–67. Amsterdam: John Benjamins

Origen de la estructura de la caldera Cañas Dulces y su relación con el recurso geotérmico de alta entalpía

[spa] El ambiente geotectónico en que se ubica Costa Rica, ha permitido el desarrollo de un arco volcánico activo, contexto geológico que favorece la formación de sistemas hidrotermales con potencial geotérmico; fuente de energía autóctona, sostenible y de bajo impacto para el ambiente, que por sus características se ajusta a las políticas económicas y ambientales del país. No obstante, es bien conocido que el desarrollo de un proyecto geotérmico implica un alto riesgo económico, lo que se ha tornado en un factor determinante a nivel mundial, que limita un mayor provecho de este recurso para generar electricidad. Sin embargo, en Costa Rica la energía geotérmica es estratégicamente importante, pues se utiliza en la base de la matriz eléctrica, por lo que el Instituto Costarricense de Electricidad (ICE) tiene programado iniciar en el primer semestre del 2018 el desarrollo del campo geotérmico Borinquen, ubicado en la falda oeste del volcán Rincón de la Vieja, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. Proyecto que dio origen a esta tesis doctoral, cuyo principal objetivo es mejorar la comprensión del sistema hidrotermal relacionado con la zona geotérmica Borinquen, para mitigar el riesgo asociado al desarrollo en busca de logar una explotación sostenible. Para lo cual, la investigación se enfoca en tres aspectos principales: El trabajo inicia con los estudios de exploración a nivel regional, con el fin de plantear un modelo volcanológico estructural del área de estudio. El cual se realiza con base en datos obtenidos por el ICE desde 1974, conjuntamente con nuevos trabajos de teledetección, geología de campo, descripciones exhaustivas de perforaciones, dataciones radiométricas, reinterpretación de datos gravimétricos y análisis de sismos naturales e inducidos; lo que permite describir la estratigrafía, estructura y evolución volcánica de la zona de interés. El estudio continúa con investigaciones más detalladas en el flanco suroeste del volcán Rincón de la Vieja, en busca de corroborar la existencia de un sistema hidrotermal económicamente explotable y plantear un modelo conceptual de la zona geotérmica Borinquen. Se utiliza como base el modelo volcanológico estructural, se analiza e integra la distribución de la: litoestratigrafía, mineralogía de alteración, resistiva aparente, gradiente térmico, así como composición geoquímica e isotópica de los fluidos provenientes de agua meteórica, manifestaciones hidrotermales y pozos. Información con la que se determina la ubicación de: fuente de calor, reservorio, capa sello, zona de recarga, pasos preferenciales y dirección del fluido. En la tercera parte del estudio, se diseña una estrategia inicial de desarrollo viable para la zona Geotérmica Borinquen. Se integra y analiza la información geológica, geofísica, gradiente térmico y el modelo conceptual del sistema hidrotermal, para generar modelos de aptitud con los que se zonifica el recurso geotérmico de alta entalpía, e identifican las áreas aptas para ubicar: las zonas de producción y reinyección; así como, las plazoletas de perforación. Además, por medio del método volumétrico “USGS Heat in Palce” y el simulador Montecarlo, se evalúa el potencial geotérmico y estima la energía eléctrica que puede generar el área destinada como zona de producción, con un fundamento estadístico y probabilístico. Con esta información se calcula el número de pozos necesarios para iniciar la producción de 50 MWe y plantear una estrategia inicial de desarrollo viable, que busca fundar las bases para lograr la explotación sostenible del Campo Geotérmico Borinquen.[eng] The Costa Rican Electricity Utility (ICE) has programmed to start the first semester of 2018 with the development of the Borinquen Geothermal Field, located on the western flank of the the Rincón de la Vieja volcano, Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The mentioned Project has given rise to this Doctoral Thesis, which has the main objective of bettering the understanding of the hydrotheral system related with the Borinquen geothermal zone, in order to mitigate the risk associated with development, in the search of achisustainable exploitation. That is why this investigation focuses on three main aspects: Work begins with regional exploration studies, with the aim of proposing a vulcanologic-structural model for the study area. This is done based on the data obtained by ICE since 1974, along with new studies of teledetection, field geology, exhaustive borehole descriptions, radiometric datings, reinterpretación of gravimetric data as well as the analysis of natural and induced sismic activity; which have permitted to discover the stratigraphy, strucucture and volcanic evolution in the area of interest. Work continues with more detailed invsetigations on the southwest flank of the Rincón de la Vieja volcano, in search of confirming the existence of an economically exploitable hydrothermal system and propose a conceptual model for the Borinquen geothermal zone. Using the vulcanologic-structural model as a base, lithology, alteration mineralogy, apparent resistivity, geothermal gradient, the geochemical and isotopic composition of the meteoric waters, hydrothermal manifestations and boreholes are analyzed and integrated. This information is used to determine the location of: the heat source, the reservoir, the cap rock, the recharge zone and preferential flow directions. In the third part of hte study, an initial development strategy, viable for the Borinquen geohtermal zone, is designed. Geologic, geophysical and thermal gradient information is analyzed and integrated with the conceptual hydrothermal system model to locate: production and reinjection zones; as well as well pads for boreholes. Also, by of the volumetric method “USGS Heat in Place” and a Montecarlo simulator, the geothermal potential is evaluated and an estimate of the electric energy that can be generated is made for the production zone, based on statistics and probability. With this information the number of boreholes is calculated to start a production of 50 MWe and propose an initial strategy for viable development, which searches to form the base for achieving a sustainable exploitation of the Borinquen Geothermal Field

Introduction : Recent developments and open questions in the field of semantic roles

Peer reviewe

Datives with psych nouns and adjectives in Basque

This paper explores the formal expression of two Basque dative argument types in combination with psych nouns and adjectives, in intransitive and transitive clauses: (i) those that express the experiencer, and (ii) those that express the stimulus of the psychological state denoted by the psych noun and adjective . In the intransitive structure involving a dative experiencer (DatExpIS), the stimulus is in the absolutive case, and the intransitive copula izan ‘be’ shows both dative and absolutive agreement. This construction basically corresponds to those built upon the piacere type of psychological verbs typified in Belletti & Rizzi’s (1988) three-way classification of Italian psych verbs. In the intransitive structure involving a dative stimulus (DatStimIS), the experiencer is marked by absolutive case, and the same intransitive copula shows both absolutive and dative agreement (with the latter corresponding to the dative stimulus and not to the experiencer). We show that the behavior of the dative argument in the two constructions is just the opposite of each other regarding a number of morphosyntactic tests, including agreement, constituency, hierarchy and selection. Additionally, we explore two parallel transitive constructions that involve either a dative experiencer and an ergative stimulus (DatExpTS) or a dative stimulus and an ergative experiencer (DatStimTS), which employ the transitive copula *edun ‘have’. Considering these configurations, we propose an extended and more fine-grained typology of psych predicates

(Anti-)cliticization in Mapudungun

This article describes the formal behavior of some elements found in Mapudungun (isolate, South America): a question particle, a postposition, and several 3rd-person markers. Framed in terms of current theories of phonological and grammatical words, the paper argues that a useful characterization of the Mapudungun elements under scrutiny should acknowledge (a)that clitics are interestingly heterogeneous regarding how different bound elements stand in paradigmatic opposition to each other, and (b)that some of these elements can be meaningfully be called anti-clitics (i.e., they are p-words that are part of larger g-words)

How strong is the case for contact-induced grammatical restructuring in Quechuan?

Certain subbranches of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibeto-Burman) stand out as islands of complexity in a Eurasian sea of simplicity (Bickel and Nichols 2013). Others show a radically simpler verbal system more consistent with their South and Southeast Asian neighbors. The complex systems include elaborate systems of argument indexation; most of these reflect a hierarchical indexation paradigm, which can be traced to Proto-Trans-Himalayan. This morphology has been lost in many languages, including the most familiar branches of the family such as Sinitic, Boro-Garo, Tibetic, and Lolo-Burmese, as a result of creolization under intense language contact. The archaic system is preserved fairly intact in rGyalrongic and Kiranti and with various structural reorganization in several other branches. The Kuki-Chin branch has innovated an entirely new indexation paradigm, which in some subbranches has completely replaced the original system, while in others the two paradigms coexist