Policy Formulation Regarding Invasive Aquatic Species on the Atlantic Coast of Cameroon

水生入侵生物（InvasiveAquaticSpecies,IAS）会对海洋生态系统造成巨大威胁，而人类活动是引起水生入侵生物发生的主要诱因。造成水生生物入侵的因素众多，如航运、海水养殖、观赏性鱼类贸易等。作为海洋污染的一种类型，水生入侵生物对环境的影响是不可逆转的。本文旨在分类阐述喀麦隆沿岸水生入侵生物的类型，对海洋环境的影响及其不同矢量和路径。本文选取了喀麦隆沿岸至少三种水生入侵生物进行研究和分析，分别是：水葫芦、斑节对虾和水椰，发现都对环境产生了负面影响。论文分析了相关团体、机构和政府部门为应对水生入侵生物带来的环境威胁所采取的措施与行动，剖析了目前管理部门所面临的管理瓶颈，并为喀麦隆海...Exotic aquatic species are a threat to the marine ecosystem. Human activities are the main reasons behind their intrusions. Multiple vectors are responsible for this dissemination. Amongst them are shipping, aquaculture, ornamental and aquarium trade etc. Invasive Aquatic Species (IAS) which is one kind of marine pollution has irreversible impacts. The objective of this paper is to provide an ov...学位：理学硕士院系专业：海洋与海岸带发展研究院_海岸带综合管理学号：3332013115454

Circumscribing the Nexus between Natural Disaster, Water Resources and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is prone to a wide variety of natural disasters. The occurrence of phenomena such as earthquakes, floods, tsunamis, hurricanes, droughts, wildfires leave behind huge losses of life and property. With an estimated population of 880 million in 2005, SSA fast growing population rate of 2–4% per annum, the number of people exposed to disasters will continue to rise. Given the fact that there is a nexus between water resources, poverty and natural disaster occurrence, it is but paramount that studies should be carried in this domain. Unfortunately, many studies tally on the pressures exerted by anthropogenic activities on water resources, but pay less attention to the link between disaster occurrence water resources and poverty, especially in SSA. Again, SSA lags behind in terms of scientific knowhow to predict and provide solutions as regards disaster management in many ways. Moreover, there is a general laxity on the part of policy-makers to invest in science and innovations coupled with relatively weak infrastructure that characterize the few scientific institutions. Knowing that water resources are essential to both humanity and the environment and that the occurrence of natural disasters might reduce the economic importance of water resource, it is imperative to shed light in this area. This article, therefore, raises awareness and examines the links between natural disasters, water resources and poverty in SSA. Keywords: Natural disaster, Water resources, Poverty, Sub-Saharan Afric

Pollution pathways and release estimation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in central and eastern China

Abstract China has gradually become the most important manufacturing and consumption centre for perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the world, and inadvertently become the world's major contamination hotspots. However, a systematic analysis of pollution pathways for PFOS/PFOA into the different environmental compartments and their quantification in China has yet to be carried out. This study focused on PFOS and PFOA release into the environment in the central and eastern region of China, which accounts for the vast majority of national emission. About 80–90% of PFOS/PFOA contamination in the Chinese environment was estimated to come directly from manufacturing and industrial sites mostly via wastewater discharge from these facilities. The other major contamination sources for PFOS were identified as being linked to aqueous fire-fighting foams (AFFFs), and pesticides including sulfluramid. For PFOA, following some way behind industrial wastewater, were industrial exhaust gas, domestic wastewater and landfill leachate as contamination sources. For surface water contamination, the major pollution contributors after industrial wastewater were AFFF spill runoff for PFOS, and domestic wastewater and precipitation-runoff for PFOA. The majority of PFOS that contaminated soil was considered to be linked with infiltration of AFFF and pesticides, while most PFOA in soil was attributed to atmospheric deposition and landfill leachate. Where groundwater had become contaminated, surface water seepage was estimated to contribute about 50% of PFOS and 40% of PFOA while the remainder was mostly derived from soil leaching. A review of the available monitoring data for PFOS/PFOA in the literature supported the view that industrial wastewater, landfill leachate and AFFF application were the dominant sources. Higher concentrations of PFOA than PFOS found in precipitation also corroborated the prediction of more PFOA release into air. To reduce PFOS/PFOA contamination of the Chinese environment the focus for control should be on industrial wastewater emissions

Multimedia fate and transport simulation of perfluorooctanoic acid/perfluorooctanoate in an urbanizing area

Strong global demand leads to significant production of fluoropolymers (FP) in China which potentially release large quantities of perfluorooctanoic acid/perfluorooctanoate (collectively called PFOA/PFO) to the environment. Modelling the fate and transport of PFOA/PFO provides an important input for human health risk assessment. Considering the effects of urbanization and existing forms of PFOA/PFO, this study used the modified multispecies Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural model to simulate the transfer behavior of PFOA/PFO in the Bohai Rim, China. Spatial distributions of PFOA/PFO emissions during the year 2012 for the study area were illustrated. About two thirds of the total amount of PFOA/PFO was estimated to be released into fresh water, and the total releases to rural areas were 160-fold higher than those to urban areas due to the location of fluorochemical industrial parks. The simulations predicted that hydrosphere was the fate of PFOA/PFO, followed by soil and vegetation, which was consistent with field data. The highest PFOA/PFO concentration was modeled in the Xiaoqing River basin with a value of 32.57mug/L. The PFOA/PFO concentrations in urban soils were generally higher than those in rural soils except for grids 1, 3 and 46. In addition, it was estimated that the total flux of PFOA/PFO entering into the Bohai Sea was 24.57 ton/year, 100-fold higher than that of perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS)

Potential effects of changes in climate and emissions on distribution and fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate in the Bohai Rim, China

Climate change and emissions rates of contaminants are expected to affect distribution and fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the environment, however, studies on these combined factors are rare. In this study, Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) is used as an example to assess how those two factors synthetically affect fate and disposition of POPs in the Bohai Rim of China by using the Berkeley-Trent-Urban-Rural (BETR-Urban-Rural) model. We set up three climate change scenarios and four emission scenarios to conduct the simulations. The results show that climate change could have significant effects on the transport and fate of PFOS mainly including advection, inter-compartmental transfer under the “worst case” emission scenario. For most grids, a remarkable decrease in concentrations of PFOS are predicted for fresh water and urban soil in the future, with precipitation and temperature being predominant factors, whilst for coastal water and rural soil, an increasing trend is predicted. Additionally, predicted sum of sources to the Bohai Sea increases greater than removals from the Bohai Sea in the future, adding evidence that concentrations of PFOS in coastal water will increase more in the future. Under scenarios of reduced emissions and climate change, concentrations of PFOS in each compartment decreased more rapidly over time. We suggest that assessment of future climate change impacts on fate of PFOS could take emission reductions into consideration

Public Participation and Information Disclosure for Environmental Sustainability of 2022 Winter Olympics

As China prepares to host the 2022 Winter Olympics, the Beijing Winter Olympics Organizing Committee has committed to making public participation a fundamental part of its broader sustainability objectives. Unfortunately, the existing research on information openness and public participation towards Winter Olympic Games is limited in the perspective of host residents. Therefore, this article aims to understand the information disclosure and public participation, as well as the roles information and technologies (ICTs) play in achieving environmental sustainability. With the help of self-administered questionnaires, data were compiled. The survey was conducted in April 2017 with 650 residents in Beijing and Zhangjiakou via face-to-face interviews to obtain a random and statistically representative sample of host residents. Our findings indicated that only few respondents participated in the limited activities of Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics. The respondents’ views on important issues of public participation varied obviously including the participating level, principles, time, ways, mechanism, and influencing factor. The analysis illustrated over 70% of respondents had the positive attitudes towards ICTs roles and functions in Beijing 2022. ICTs have helped the public to obtain information about environmental management and sustainability issues, and to facilitate public awareness and collective action by building new management practices. This study has implications and contributes to the burgeoning literature surrounding the Olympic Games by providing an in-depth analysis of public participation in relation to the theory

Drivers of change in China’s energy-related CO2 emissions

2emissions are of global concern because of climate change. China has become the largest CO2emitter in the world and presently accounts for 30% of global emissions. Here, we analyze the major drivers of energy-related CO2emissions in China from 1978 when the reform and opening-up policy was launched. We find that 1) there has been a 6-fold increase in energy-related CO2emissions, which was driven primarily (176%) by economic growth followed by population growth (16%), while the effects of energy intensity (−79%) and carbon intensity (−13%) slowed the growth of carbon emissions over most of this period; 2) energy-related CO2emissions are positively related to per capita gross domestic product (GDP), population growth rate, carbon intensity, and energy intensity; and 3) a portfolio of command-and-control policies affecting the drivers has altered the total emission trend. However, given the major role of China in global climate change mitigation, significant future reductions in China’s CO2emissions will require transformation toward low-carbon energy systems

Simulating transport, flux, and ecological risk of perfluorooctanoate in a river affected by a major fluorochemical manufacturer in northern China

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) have been widely detected and pose potential risks to both human and ecosystem health. Since the probation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) by the Stockholm Convention, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) has frequently been used as a chemical intermediate and processing aid. Owing to a lack of effective treatment technologies for PEOA, surrounding environments have been highly affected. Previous studies by our group have reported elevated PFOA levels in the Xiaoqing River, which receives sewage from a major fluorochemical manufacturer in northern China. To further explore the transport, flux, and ecological risk of the perfluorooctanoate in the river, this study conducted a 2-year sampling campaign of surface water from 2014 to 2015. An extremely high PFOA concentration (mean: 62.3 mu g L-1) was observed for the Xiaoqing River in comparison with other studies. The highest average concentration and flux of PFOA were recorded in the autumn and summer, respectively. With data on selected hydrological parameters and cross-sections, PFOA concentrations were modeled using DHI MIKE 11. To explore the current loads and environmental capacity of PFOA, two scenarios (i.e., emissions based on observed concentrations and on the predicted no-effects concentration, PNEC) were set. The simulation results based on observed data showed that PFOA loads in the Xiaoqing River were 11.4 t in 2014, and 12.5 tin 2015. Based on the PNEC, the environmental carrying capacity of PFOA was estimated to be 13.9 tin 2014, and 13.8 tin 2015. The current loads of PFOA were found to approach the maximum environmental carrying capacity. Relatively high risks around both the fluorine industrial park (RP) and estuary area were identified. In comparison with other suggested guidelines, threats to the ecological status of the river would be severe, which suggests that stringent management and emission criteria are needed for this industry. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Data_Sheet_1_An overview of climate change adaptation and mitigation research in Africa.PDF

Research on climate change has increased significantly since the 1970s. There has also been a particular focus on Africa, given its vulnerability to climate change impacts and its urbanization trends that may have massive implications for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Despite the wealth of publications on climate change in Africa, there is a lack of review studies that highlight the overall research landscape. If this status of climate research is clarified, African countries can better deal with climate change. Hence, this paper aims to improve our understanding of the status and trends of research on climate change adaptation and mitigation in Africa. Our review, straddling from 1990 to late 2021, recognizes the foundations that underpin climate change adaptation and mitigation literature. Based on keywords associated with Africa's climate change adaptation and mitigation, we undertook bibliometric research by collecting 3,316 related SCI/SSCI articles. In addition, we provided a thematic evolution over three decades, compartmentalized into four sub-periods (1990–2007; 2008–2014; 2015–2019; 2020–2021). Priority research topics and themes have been dynamic over time, with some core concepts receiving more attention (vulnerability, food, water, and energy security). Although the number of published articles exhibited a rapidly growing trend, their distribution is extremely uneven. Articles were mainly published by institutions from certain parts of the continent, with the University of Cape Town, making the highest contribution. About 72% of the existing studies focused on climate change adaptation, while climate change mitigation was less represented with 22%. The results also showed that researchers have examined not all African countries. South Africa, Ethiopia, and Ghana are hot spots, while most countries are largely neglected. Africa and African countries need to improve their future research ability on climate change mitigation. Assessing climate change risks and measures in African countries should be prioritized.</p

Assessing the contribution of atmospheric transport and tourism activities to the occurrence of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in an Alpine Nature Reserve

Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are ubiquitous in the global environment, even in remote regions. With increasing production and application of PFAAs in China, their distribution patterns have been widely reported, however with less attention to inland northwestern regions. Long-range transport and direct releases from local activities have been regarded as the main reasons for PFAAs distribution in such a remote area. To identify and quantify the contributions of different sources to PFAAs occurrences, an investigation was conducted in the Tianchi lake, nature reserve. A total of 20 water samples, 8 soil, 4 sediment and 10 fresh snow samples were collected and analyzed in 2015. The mean PFAAs concentrations were 3.38 ng L-1 in surface water, 1.06 ng g(-1) dw in soil, 0.53 ng g(-1) dw in sediment, and 3.31 ng L-1 in fresh snow, respectively. High levels of PFAAs were observed in surface water (15.41 ng L-1) from Western Tianchi pond and surface snow (14.24 ng L-1) from the site near a ski resort around Tianchi Lake indicating potential pollution by local human activities. The correlation between individual concentrations among water, soil and snow indicated the snow deposition as an important source. Although with limited sample size, principal component analysis associated with multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses have identified two major sources, which are characterized as tourism activities with dominance of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and long-range transport with abundant perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). Their contributions to total levels were 41% and 52%, respectively. These two sources contributed differently to the PFAAs presences in Tianchi and Western Tianchi Lakes. Source analysis indicates that the western Tianchi lake with a relatively small catchment was affected mainly by local activities. (C) 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved