2-C-Hydro­xymethyl-2,3-O-iso­propyl­idene-d-ribono-1,5-lactam. Corrigendum

Corrigendum to Acta Cryst. (2004), E60, o909–o910

Glycosyl Oxocarbenium Ions: Structure, Conformation, Reactivity, and Interactions

Conspectus We also highlight that, from a chemical perspective, the glycosylation reaction can be described as a continuum, from unimolecular SN1 with naked oxocarbenium cations as intermediates to bimolecular SN2-type mechanisms, which involve the key role of counterions and donors. All these factors should be considered and are discussed herein. The importance of dissociative mechanisms (involving contact ion pairs, solvent-separated ion pairs, solvent-equilibrated ion pairs) with bimolecular features in most reactions is also highlighted. The role of theoretical calculations to predict the conformation, dynamics, and reactivity of the oxocarbenium ion is also discussed, highlighting the advances in this field that now allow access to the conformational preferences of a variety of oxocarbenium ions and their reactivities under SN1-like conditions. Specifically, the ground-breaking use of superacids to generate these cations is emphasized, since it has permitted characterization of the structure and conformation of a variety of glycosyl oxocarbenium ions in superacid solution by NMR spectroscopy. We also pay special attention to the reactivity of these glycosyl ions, which depends on the conditions, including the counterions, the possible intra- or intermolecular participation of functional groups that may stabilize the cation and the chemical nature of the acceptor, either weak or strong nucleophile. We discuss recent investigations from different experimental perspectives, which identified the involved ionic intermediates, estimating their lifetimes and reactivities and studying their interactions with other molecules. In this context, we also emphasize the relationship between the chemical methods that can be employed to modulate the sensitivity of glycosyl cations and the way in which glycosyl modifying enzymes (glycosyl hydrolases and transferases) build and cleave glycosidic linkages in nature. This comparison provides inspiration on the use of molecules that regulate the stability and reactivity of glycosyl cations

4′-Methoxyphenacyl-assisted synthesis of β-Kdo glycosides

3-Deoxy-β-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (β-Kdo) glycosides are mainly found in capsular polysaccharides and extracellular exopolysaccharides from Gram-negative bacteria. These compounds have profound biological implications in immune response and act as virulence factors. We have developed a novel methodology for the stereoselective synthesis of β-Kdo glycosides via the use of a 4′-methoxyphenacyl (Phen) auxiliary group at the C1 position of a peracetylated β-Kdo thioglycoside. Under the promotion of NIS/AgOTf in acetonitrile, a series of Kdo glycosides was synthesized in good yield and β-selectivity while minimizing the formation of undesirable glycals. Stereoselectivity of the glycosylation was shown to be modulated by various factors such as promotor, solvent, anomeric ratio of donor, nature of acceptor, and Phen substitution. Chemoselective cleavage of the Phen group was performed under the action of Zn/HOAc. DFT calculations together with experimental results suggested that α-triflate and a six-membered α-spiroPhen are plausible intermediates of the reaction, accounting for the enhanced formation of β-Kdo glycosides. The developed methodology could be applied to the synthesis of β-Kdo-containing glycans from pathogenic bacteria

Molecular Basis for Inhibition of GH84 Glycoside Hydrolases by Substituted Azepanes: Conformational Flexibility Enables Probing of Substrate Distortion

Here we report the synthesis of a series of polyhydroxylated 3- and 5-acetamido azepanes and detail the molecular basis of their inhibition of family 84 glycoside hydrolases. These family 84 enzymes include human O-GlcNAcase, an enzyme involved in post-translational processing of intracellular proteins modified by O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine residues. Detailed structural analysis of the binding of these azepanes to BtGH84, a bacterial homologue of O-GlcNAcase, highlights their conformational flexibility. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics calculations reveal that binding to the enzyme involves significant conformational distortion of these inhibitors from their preferred solution conformations. The binding of these azepanes provides structural insight into substrate distortion that likely occurs along the reaction coordinate followed by O-GlcNAcase during glycoside hydrolysis. This class of inhibitors may prove to be useful probes for evaluating the conformational itineraries of glycosidases and aid the development of more potent and specific glycosidase inhibitors

Selective Trihydroxylated Azepane Inhibitors of NagZ, a Glycosidase Involved in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Resistance to β-lactam Antibiotics

The synthesis of a series of D-gluco-like configured 4,5,6-trihydroxyazepanes bearing a triazole, a sulfonamide or a fluorinated acetamide moiety at C-3 is described. These synthetic derivatives have been tested for their ability to selectively inhibit the muropeptide recycling glucosaminidase NagZ and to thereby increase sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams, a pathway with substantial therapeutic potential. While introduction of triazole and sulfamide groups failed to lead to glucosaminidase inhibitors, the NHCOCF3 analog proved to be a selective inhibitor of NagZ over other glucosaminidases including human OGA and lysosomal hexosaminidases HexA and B. The synthesis of a series of D-gluco-like configured 4,5,6-trihydroxyazepanes bearing a triazole, a sulfonamide or a fluorinated acetamide moiety at C-3 is described. These synthetic derivatives have been tested for their ability to selectively inhibit the muropeptide recycling glucosaminidase NagZ and to thereby increase sensitivity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to β-lactams, a pathway with substantial therapeutic potential. While introduction of triazole and sulfamide groups failed to lead to glucosaminidase inhibitors, the NHCOCF3 analog proved to be a selective inhibitor of NagZ over other glucosaminidases including human OGA and lysosomal hexosaminidases HexA and B &nbsp

Stereoselective Access to Iminosugar C, C-Glycosides from 6-Azidoketopyranoses

International audienceWe report the synthesis of iminosugar C,C-glycosides starting from 6-azidoketopyranoses. Their Staudinger-azaWittig-mediated cyclization provided bicyclic N,O-acetals, which were stereoselectively opened with AllMgBr to afford β-hydroxyazepanes with a quaternary carbon α to the nitrogen. Their ring contraction via a β-aminoalcohol rearrangement produced the six-membered l-iminosugars with two functional handles at the pseudoanomeric position. Inversion of the free OH at the azepane level furnished the d-iminosugars

Access to l- and d-Iminosugar C-Glycosides from a d-gluco-Derived 6-Azidolactol Exploiting a Ring Isomerization/Alkylation Strategy.

International audienceA flexible synthetic access to six-membered l- and d-iminosugar C-glycosides is reported starting from the easily available 6-azido-6-deoxy-2,3,4-tri-O-benzyl-d-glucopyranose precursor. This methodology involves a highly diastereoselective tandem ring enlargement/alkylation and a stereocontrolled ring contraction. It allows an efficient synthesis of iminosugar C-glycosides displaying structural diversity at both C-1 and C-6

Evaluation of nonnatural L-iminosugar C,C-glycosides, a new class of C-branched iminosugars, as glycosidase inhibitors

International audienceCapitalizing on a previously developed Staudinger/azaWittig/Grignard (SAWG)-ring contraction sequence that furnished protected six-membered L-iminosugar C,C-glycosides bearing an allyl group and various substituents at the pseudoanomeric position, the synthesis and glycosidase inhibition of a small library of six- and seven-membered L-iminosugar C,C-glycosides is reported. Their hydrogenolysis or cyclization by RCM followed by deprotection afforded eleven L-iminosugars including spirocyclic derivatives. All compounds adopt a 1C4 conformation in solution according to NMR data. Compared to previously reported branched L-iminosugars, the L-iminosugar C,C-glycosides reported herein were less potent glycosidase inhibitors. However, some of these compounds showed micromolar inhibition of human lysosome β-glucocerebrosidase suggesting that such iminosugars could be useful to access potent CGase inhibitors by adjusting the structure/length of the pseudoanomeric substituents

HF-Induced Intramolecular C -Arylation and C -Alkylation/Fluorination of 2-Aminoglycopyranoses

International audienc