Identificación de variedades autóctonas de vid en zonas transfronterizas del Duero

Castilla y León cuenta con una zona vitivinícola transfronteriza con el norte de Portugal, la DO Arribes, que linda con la región de Tras-os-Montes, en la que se ubica la Indicación de Procedencia Reglamentada PlanaltoMirandês. En ambas zonas vitivinícolas existe un elevado número de variedades minoritarias que cuentan con escasos individuos distribuidos demodo disperso en viñedos de reducidas dimensiones que son difíciles de localizar e identificar. Se ha llevado a cabo una minuciosa prospección en 2006, 2007 y 2008 en ambas zonas vitivinícolas y se ha logrado identificar un apreciable número de variedades combinando la descripción ampelográfica y el análisismolecular (SSR), así como establecer diferentes sinonimias usadas tanto en España como en Portugal

Spatial variability of soil respiration (R<inf>s</inf>) and its controls are subjected to strong seasonality in an even-aged European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stand

Uncertainties arising from the so-far poorly explained spatial variability of soil respiration (Rs) remain large. This is partly due to the limited understanding about how spatially variable Rs actually is, but also on how environmental controls determine Rs's spatial variability and how these controls vary in time (e.g., seasonally). Our study was designed to look more deeply into the complexity of Rs's spatial variability in a European beech even-aged stand, covering both phenologically and climatically contrasting periods (spring, summer, autumn and winter). Although we studied a relatively homogeneous stand, we found a large spatial variability of Rs (coefficients of variation &gt; 30%) characterized by strong seasonality. This large spatial variability of Rs suggests that even in relatively homogeneous stands there is a large potential source of error when estimating Rs. This was also reflected by the sampling effort needed to obtain seasonally robust estimates of Rs, which may actually require a number of samples above that used in Rs studies. We further postulate that the effect of seasonality on the spatial variability and environmental controls of Rs was determined by the seasonal shifts of its microclimatic controls: during winter, low temperatures constrain plant and soil metabolic activities and hence reduce Rs variability (temperature-controlled processes), whereas during summer, water demand by vegetation and changes in water availability due to the microtopography of the terrain (i.e., slope) increase Rs variability (water-controlled processes). This study provides novel information on the spatiotemporal variability of Rs and looks more deeply into the seasonality of its environmental controls and the architecture of their causal-effect relationships controlling Rs's spatial variability. Our study further shows that improving current estimates of Rs at local and regional levels might be necessary in order to reduce uncertainties and improve CO2 estimates at larger spatial scales. Highlights: The spatial variability of soil respiration (Rs) and its environmental controls vary seasonally. Seasonal shifts from temperature- to water-controlled processes determine Rs's spatial variability. Besides microclimate, slope and grass cover explain the spatiotemporal variability of Rs. An intense sampling effort is needed to obtain robust Rs estimates even in homogeneous forests. © 2021 British Society of Soil Science.This research was supported by the Forest GHG Management (PN‐II‐ID‐PCE‐2011‐3‐0781), TREEMORIS (PN‐II‐RU‐TE‐2014‐4‐0791), BIOCARB (PN‐III‐P1‐1.1‐TE‐2016‐1508), NATIvE (PN‐III‐P1‐1.1‐PD‐2016‐0583) and REASONING (PN‐III‐P1‐1.1‐TE‐2019‐1099) projects, all financed by the Romanian Ministry of Education and Research through UEFISCDI ( link ). This research was also supported by the IBERYCA (CGL2017‐84723‐P) project and by the BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation 2018‐2022 (Ref. MDM‐2017‐0714), both financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities. The Basque Government also supported this research through the BERC 2018‐2021 programme

Identification and molecular biodiversity of autochthonous grapevine cultivars in the ‘Comarca del Bierzo’, León, Spain

A prospecting work at the ‘Comarca del Bierzo’ in Spain has been carried out in order to evaluate the existing biodiversity and detect the neglected and endangered minor grapevine cultivars of the zone. As a result, a total of 79 different accessions were collected and studied using STMS markers for preliminary variety identification, that was confirmed on the base of ampelographic observations. Several synonymies and homonymies were detected. A total of 33 different cultivars were identified. Comparison of the genotypes, allelic frequencies and allelic sizes are presented. Conservation of the endangered cultivars is highly recommended

The ecosystem carbon sink implications of mountain forest expansion into abandoned grazing land: The role of subsoil and climatic factors

Woody encroachment is a widespread phenomenon resulting from the abandonment of mountain agricultural and pastoral practices during the last century. As a result, forests have expanded, increasing biomass and necromass carbon (C) pools. However, the impact on soil organic carbon (SOC) is less clear. The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of woody encroachment on SOC stocks and ecosystem C pools in six chronosequences located along the Italian peninsula, three in the Alps and three in the Apennines. Five stages along the chronosequences were identified in each site. Considering the topsoil (0 30 cm), subsoil (30 cm-bedrock) and whole soil profile, the temporal trend in SOC stocks was similar in all sites, with an initial increment and subsequent decrement in the intermediate phase. However, the final phase of the woody encroachment differed significantly between the Alps (mainly conifers) and the Apennines (broadleaf forests) sites, with a much more pronounced increment in the latter case. Compared to the previous pastures, after mature forest (&gt;62 years old) establishment, SOC stocks increased by: 2.1(mean) ± 18.1(sd) and 50.1 ± 25.2 Mg C·ha -1 in the topsoil, 7.3 ± 17.4 and 93.2 ± 29.7 Mg C·ha -1 in the subsoil, and 9.4 ± 24.4 and 143.3 ± 51.0 Mg C·ha -1 in the whole soil profile in Alps and Apennines, respectively. Changes in SOC stocks increased with mean annual air temperature and average minimum winter temperature, and were negatively correlated with the sum of summer precipitation. At the same time, all other C pools (biomass and necromass) increased by 179.1 ± 51.3 and 304.2 ± 67.6 Mg C·ha -1 in the Alps and the Apennines sites, respectively. This study highlights the importance of considering both the subsoil, since deep soil layers contributed 38% to the observed variations in carbon stocks after land use change, and the possible repercussions for the carbon balance of large areas where forests are expanding, especially under pressing global warming scenarios. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.The project of this work is part of the research activities of the PhD in science, technology and biotechnology for sustainability. The first author received a fully founded scholarship partially by the University of Tuscia (Viterbo - Italy) and partially by the University of Molise . Tommaso Chiti participated in the project by conducting his work with the funding obtained through the LIFE MediNet project (grant number LIFE15 PRE IT/732295 ). Jorge Curiel Yuste was financed in part by the Basque Government through the BERC 2018-2021 (grant code) program and by Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through BC3 María de Maeztu excellence accreditation MDM-2017-0714. I.C (grant code)

Prospection and identification of grapevine varieties cultivated in north Portugal and northwest Spain

A broad prospection of grapevine plants was carried out in northwest Spain and north of Portugal during the period from 2002 to 2009. It included zones located in Galicia as well as in the provinces of León, Zamora and Salamanca in Spain and the region delimited by the right side of the Douro river and the spanish border in Portugal. A total of 669 accessions were sampled, studied and identified, both by using the six microsatellite loci included in the OIV descriptors list, plus ampelographic characters. As a result of the study a total of 53 different grapevine varieties were identified. Most of them correspond to minor varieties that are present in the zone. In many cases the same variety was detected in both countries, although denominated with different names that are synonymous. The molecular markers that were analyzed are those included in the OIV 801 to 806 descriptors, and correspond to the following loci: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, ssrVrZAG62 and ssrVrZAG79. Allele sizes of the studied varieties are recorded. Relationships among these varieties seem to be possible. Recommended priority names for the studied varieties both in Spain and in Portugal are listed, in order to avoid misidentifications and reduce the incidence of homonymies.

Radiocarbon dating reveals different past managements of adjacent forest soils in the Campine region, Belgium

The soils of adjacent first generation monospecific stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) in the Campine region, Belgium, apparently developed under the same forming factors, were studied for carbon dynamics to disentangle eventual different past land uses. In fact, visual observations suggested that the soil under pine experienced substantial addition of organic matter and ploughing, such to be considered a plaggen, opposite to the soil under oak, which is inexplicably much poorer in C. In order to prove this hypothesis, the soil organic carbon was quantified by horizons and, both bulk soil organic matter (SOM) and the least mobile SOM fractions - the humic acid and the unextractable fractions - were radiocarbon dated. Surprising was the marked difference between the mean SOM age from the two stands. In fact, while under oak this age is a few years or decades, under pine it amounts to more than a millennium, so confirming the hypothesis of a confined C supply occurred mainly in the Middle Age, or later using partly humified matter. The mean residence time (MRT) of SOM in the organic layers matches almost perfectly with that estimated via a mass balance approach and, as expected, was much lower in the oaks than in the pines. The humic acid fraction, generally the most stable fraction of SOM, in terms of both mobility and degradability, reflects the behaviour of the bulk SOM, showing higher radiocarbon ages under pine. The findings of this work indicate that the large human-induced additions of organic material in the area now occupied by the pine stand, probably occurred in the Middle Age and it continues to strongly affect the present soil C pools and their dynamics. Any study dealing with budgets and dynamics of C in soil should avail itself of a careful reconstruction of the land uses and management history, in order to provide reliable conclusions about the real role of the current vegetation on soil carbon. Crown Copyright (c) 2008 Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

El régimen natural de caudales: una diversidad imprescindible, una diversidad predecible

During last years the scientific community has realized flow regime importance as a connexion and explaining element of the fluvial ecosystem. Related to this paradigm, flow regime alteration analysis is necessary for the evaluation of environmental integrity. The objective is to show a new tool for characterizing stream flow regimes, quantifiying hydrologic impacts caused by dam construction. To reach this objective, this paper proposes: 1) to establish reference conditions and 2) evaluation of hydrological alteration: with 24 alteration indexes of alteration to measure the altered regime distortion against the natural. They have been applied to Vado reservoir situated in the upper reach of Jarama river which is integrated in Madrid water supply system.En los últimos años la comunidad científica ha puesto de manifiesto la importancia del régimen de caudales como elemento vertebrador del ecosistema fluvial, estableciendo el denominado «paradigma del régimen natural de caudales». A la luz de este paradigma, cualquier valoración de la integridad de un ecosistema fluvial debe incluir necesariamente un análisis objetivo de la alteración de su régimen de caudales. De hecho, la Directiva Marco del Agua establece el régimen hidrológico como uno de los elementos a considerar en la caracterización del estado ecológico de nuestros ríos. La metodología que se presenta en este trabajo permite: 1) definir el estatus hidrológico de referencia y 2) valorar la alteración del régimen de caudales, mediante 24 índices que evalúan la distorsión que en términos hidrológicos supone un determinado régimen frente al natural. Por último, se exponen los resultados de la aplicación de esta metodología al embalse de El Vado, ubicado en la cabecera del río Jarama e integrante del sistema de abastecimiento de agua a Madrid

Recovering Old Grapevine Varieties

[EN] In this work we report new findings related to the recovery of old vines in The Comunitat Valenciana (Spain), where great diversity of grapevines varieties was present prior the phylloxera arrival. New accessions of old varieties previously recovered by our group and in risk of disappearance were located. Accessions with new SSR profiles were also found and, in some cases, could be ascribed to old grapevine ampelonyms; new synonymies were also detected. Chlorotypes were determined in the recovered germplasm. Several actions for the preservation of the recovered accessions have been initiated.This work was supported by the projects 'Recuperacion de variedades de vid', AGCOOP_D/2018/007' (co-funded by FEADER, MAPA and Conselleria d'Agricultura, Desenvolupament Rural, Emergencia Climatica i Transicio Ecologica (Generatitat Valenciana) and MINECO CGL2015-708432-R (co-funded by FEDER). We thank the IMIDRA and The Domain the Vassal Collection that provided two accessions each used as controls in our workGarcía, J.; Peiró Barber, RM.; Martinez-Gil, F.; Soler, JX.; Jimenez, C.; Yuste Del Carmen, A.; Xirivella, C.... (2020). Recovering Old Grapevine Varieties. VITIS. 59(3):101-103. https://doi.org/10.5073/vitis.2020.59.101-103S10110359

Legacies of past forest management determine current responses to severe drought events of conifer species in the Romanian Carpathians

Worldwide increases in droughts- and heat-waves-associated tree mortality events are destabilizing the future of many forests and the ecosystem services they provide. Along with climate, understanding the impact of the legacies of past forest management is key to better explain current responses of different tree species to climate change. We studied tree mortality events that peaked in 2012 affecting one native (silver fir; growing within its natural distribution range) and two introduced (black pine and Scots; growing outside their natural distribution range) conifer species from the Romanian Carpathians. The three conifers were compared in terms of mortality events, growth trends, growth resilience to severe drought events, climate-growth relationships, and regeneration patterns. The mortality rates of the three species were found to be associated with severe drought events. Nevertheless, the native silver fir seems to undergo a self-thinning process, while the future of the remaining living black pine and Scots pine trees is uncertain as they register significant negative growth trends. Overall, the native silver fir showed a higher resilience to severe drought events than the two introduced pine species. Furthermore, and unlike the native silver fir, black pine and Scots pine species do not successfully regenerate. A high diversity of native broadleaf species sprouts and develops instead under them suggesting that we might be witnessing a process of ecological succession, with broadleaves recovering their habitats. As native species seem to perform better in terms of resilience and regeneration than introduced species, the overall effect of the black pine and Scots pine mortality might be compensated. Legacies of past forest management should be taken into account in order to better understand current responses of different tree species to ongoing climate change. © 2020 Elsevier B.V.We thank the Forest District staff of Sacele, Kronstadt, Rasnov, Teliu, Codlea, and Intorsura Buzaului for all their support and for giving us access to the Forest Management Plans. This work was financed by the NATIvE ( PN-III-P1-1.1-PD-2016-0583 ) and TreeMoris ( PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-0791 ) projects through UEFISCDI (link; Romanian Ministry of Education and Research ) and supported by the BERC 2018-2021 ( Basque Government ), and BC3 María de Maeztu Excellence Accreditation 2018-2022, Ref. MDM-2017-0714 ( Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities ). We also thank Antonio Gazol for interesting discussions on the study and Ionela-Mirela Medrea, Andrei Apafaian, Maria Băluţ, and Florin Dinulică for assistance during field and laboratory campaigns. Silver fir, black pine, and Scots pine figures included in the graphical abstract are reproduced with the authorization of the designer Luiza Anamaria Pop (©2020) who drew the three conifer species and processed the drawings in Adobe Illustrator® CS5 (v. 15.0.0)