THE PHYLOGENETIC POSITION OF THE PAPUASIAN GENUS SARCOCHILUS R.BR. (ORCHIDACEAE: AERIDINAE): EVIDENCE FROM MOLECULAR DATA

HIDAYAT,T.; ITO, M.; YUKAWA, T. 2008. The phylogenetic position of thePapuasian genus Sarcochilus R.Br.(Orchidaceae: Aeridinae): evidence from molecular data. Reinwardtia 12(4).281 – 284. –– The taxonomic status of the Papuasian orchid genus Sarcochilus R.Br. remains unresolved. Represented by Sarcochilus chrysanthus Schltr.,a phylogenetic analysis to evaluate relationships between the Papuasian species and those from Australia was conducted using molecular characters.Parsimony analysis using DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region showed that this Papuasian species, is in a distant position from the so-called the true Sarcochilus sensu stricto.These results provide additional evidence for the establishment of a new genus Monantochilus

Phylogeography of the endangered orchids Cypripedium japonicum and Cypripedium formosanum in East Asia: Deep divergence at infra- and interspecific levels

To date, little is known about the past evolutionary trajectories of rare and endangered orchids native to mainland China, Japan, and Korea (the CJK region). In this study, we focus on two endangered orchids, Cypripedium japonicum (present in the three countries) and C. formosanum (endemic to Taiwan), to understand the divergence/speciation models that would have been operating in this group, including genetic diversity, geographic structure, and colonization pathways across the region. Using a combination of five cpDNA regions, we reconstructed phylogenetic trees and investigated the genetic diversity/structure of 20 populations. Ecological niche modeling was used to gain insight into the paleodistribution and dispersal corridors at the Last Glacial Maximum and to survey climatic niche differences. Populations from mainland China + Korea, Japan, and Taiwan formed three distinct monophyletic lineages and were placed into separate genetic clusters, agreeing with geographic barriers and species boundaries. Populations of C. japonicum in mainland China harbored the highest diversity, suggesting the presence of multiple glacial refugia. The Korean populations would have originated from either western/central or eastern China, probably using a dispersal corridor across the East China Sea shelf. The divergence of C. formosanum is proposed under an allopatric speciation model, also highly influenced by a climate niche shift. In the context of previous studies, a deep divergence in cpDNA sequences between Chinese + Korean and Japanese populations of C. japonicum may be taken as an example of the speciation events of the CJK flora since the late Neogene that have led to its current species richness.This study was supported by the Biodiversity Survey, Observation and Assessment Program of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China to HZT and by Basic Science Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2017R1A2B4012215) to MGC, and funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT of the Republic of Korea (NRF-2020R1I1A3074635) to MYC.INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS Study species Population sampling DNA extraction cpDNA-PCR optimum primer selection cpDNA sequence alignment and assembly Haplotype distribution, phylogenetic analyses, and genetic diversity Genetic differentiation and structure Mismatch distribution analysis, neutrality detection, and demographic history ENM and population connectivity Niche comparisons in E-space RESULTS Haplotype distribution and phylogeny Genetic diversity Genetic differentiation and structure Mismatch distribution analysis, neutrality detection, and demographic history ENM and population connectivity Niche comparisons in E-space DISCUSSION Deep genetic and climatic divergence of Cypripedium sect. Flabellinervia in the CJK region: taxonomic considerations Haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Cypripedium sect. Flabellinervia: inference of glacial refugia and demographic history Origin of Korean populations of Cypripedium japonicum Origin of Cypripedium formosanum CONCLUSIONS AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Appendix 1: The cpDNA sequence information of Cypripedium sect. Flabellinervia deposited in the GenBank databas

Mycorrhizal generalist with wood-decay fungi

The climbing orchid Erythrorchis altissima is the largest mycoheterotroph in the world. Although previous in vitro work suggests that E. altissima has a unique symbiosis with wood-decaying fungi, little is known about how this giant orchid meets its carbon and nutrient demands exclusively via mycorrhizal fungi. In this study, the mycorrhizal fungi of E. altissima were molecularly identified using root samples from 26 individuals. Furthermore, in vitro symbiotic germination with five fungi and stable isotope compositions in five E. altissima at one site were examined. In total, 37 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to nine orders in Basidiomycota were identified from the orchid roots. Most of the fungal OTUs were wood-decaying fungi, but underground roots had ectomycorrhizal Russula. Two fungal isolates from mycorrhizal roots induced seed germination and subsequent seedling development in vitro. Measurement of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope abundances revealed that E. altissima is a full mycoheterotroph whose carbon originates mainly from wood-decaying fungi. All of the results show that E. altissima is associated with a wide range of wood- and soil-inhabiting fungi, the majority of which are wood-decaying taxa. This generalist association enables E. altissima to access a large carbon pool in woody debris and has been key to the evolution of such a large mycoheterotroph

Nomenclatural Changes in the Genus Calanthe (Orchidaceae)

Abstract Results of recent molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the genus Calanthe (Orchidaceae) represents a polyphyletic assemblage. To resolve this issue, we resurrect two groups, Preptanthe and Styloglossum, at generic rank and make the necessary new combinations

01-G.Nishimura-4.01

Abstract Vanilla planifolia Jacks. ex Andrews has the sclerotic seed coat, an exceptional character state of seed coat in the Orchidaceae. We observed seed coat formation of the species in every 10 days after pollination. The ovule develops into a nucellar filament with 6 to 8 nucellar cells at the time of anthesis prior to artificial pollination. The inner integument differentiates at 20 days after pollination. The outer integument differentiates at 30 days after pollination. The cells of the outermost layer of the outer integument start to thicken at 40 days after pollination. Dark material starts to accumulate in the outer and lateral cell walls of the outermost layer of the outer integument at 50 days after pollination. The dark material accumulates further at 60 to 80 days, while the inner integument has degenerated at 80 days. The thickened cell walls with dark material occupy the whole cell cavity and the cells become sclerotic at 120 days after pollination. The inner layer cells of the outer integument have degenerated and only the outermost layer of the outer integument remains as the seed coat at 180 days after pollination when the seed matures

calyps_ITS&matK_May2016

ITS and matK sequence data in Phylip forma

A Reanalysis of Relationships among Calypsoinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): Floral and Vegetative Evolution and the Placement of Yoania

Calypsoinae are a small, largely temperate subtribe that are diverse with respect to trophic strategy (many species have an unusual winter leaf and several are leafless) and pollinium stalk morphology. Here we sought to re-evaluate the placement of Yoania and recently proposed genera and to examine trophic strategy, pollinium stalk type, and geographic distribution in a phylogenetic context. We analyzed ITS and matK sequences from all accepted genera using maximum likelihood and parsimony on individual and combined data sets. The only supported disagreement among trees was between the combined ML and parsimony analyses for the placement of Dactylostalix and Ephippianthus; the trees from one analysis reflected the nuclear pattern, while the other resembled the plastid pattern. A group of genera related to Calypso and a group related to Corallorhiza were resolved. Yoania is closely related to Calypso; the recently proposed Yunorchis is a species of Yoania, while Didiciea is part of Tipularia. Examining leaf morphology on the tree revealed two originations of the winter leaf morphology and four losses of leaves (and shifts to mycoheterotrophy). Pollinium stalks evolved in three directions, two of which resulted in epidermally-derived stalks (tegulae) and one that comprises the entire rostellum (a hamulus). Biogeographic analysis suggests a NewWorld origin for the subtribe, with two major shifts to the Old World and one shift back to the New World

A Reanalysis of Relationships among Calypsoinae (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae): Floral and Vegetative Evolution and the Placement of Yoania

Calypsoinae are a small, largely temperate subtribe that are diverse with respect to trophic strategy (many species have an unusual winter leaf and several are leafless) and pollinium stalk morphology. Here we sought to re-evaluate the placement of Yoania and recently proposed genera and to examine trophic strategy, pollinium stalk type, and geographic distribution in a phylogenetic context. We analyzed ITS and matK sequences from all accepted genera using maximum likelihood and parsimony on individual and combined data sets. The only supported disagreement among trees was between the combined ML and parsimony analyses for the placement of Dactylostalix and Ephippianthus; the trees from one analysis reflected the nuclear pattern, while the other resembled the plastid pattern. A group of genera related to Calypso and a group related to Corallorhiza were resolved. Yoania is closely related to Calypso; the recently proposed Yunorchis is a species of Yoania, while Didiciea is part of Tipularia. Examining leaf morphology on the tree revealed two originations of the winter leaf morphology and four losses of leaves (and shifts to mycoheterotrophy). Pollinium stalks evolved in three directions, two of which resulted in epidermally-derived stalks (tegulae) and one that comprises the entire rostellum (a hamulus). Biogeographic analysis suggests a NewWorld origin for the subtribe, with two major shifts to the Old World and one shift back to the New World