Structural variation and introgression from wild populations in East Asian cattle genomes confer adaptation to local environment

BACKGROUND: Structural variations (SVs) in individual genomes are major determinants of complex traits, including adaptability to environmental variables. The Mongolian and Hainan cattle breeds in East Asia are of taurine and indicine origins that have evolved to adapt to cold and hot environments, respectively. However, few studies have investigated SVs in East Asian cattle genomes and their roles in environmental adaptation, and little is known about adaptively introgressed SVs in East Asian cattle. RESULTS: In this study, we examine the roles of SVs in the climate adaptation of these two cattle lineages by generating highly contiguous chromosome-scale genome assemblies. Comparison of the two assemblies along with 18 Mongolian and Hainan cattle genomes obtained by long-read sequencing data provides a catalog of 123,898 nonredundant SVs. Several SVs detected from long reads are in exons of genes associated with epidermal differentiation, skin barrier, and bovine tuberculosis resistance. Functional investigations show that a 108-bp exonic insertion in SPN may affect the uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophages, which might contribute to the low susceptibility of Hainan cattle to bovine tuberculosis. Genotyping of 373 whole genomes from 39 breeds identifies 2610 SVs that are differentiated along a "north-south" gradient in China and overlap with 862 related genes that are enriched in pathways related to environmental adaptation. We identify 1457 Chinese indicine-stratified SVs that possibly originate from banteng and are frequent in Chinese indicine cattle. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the unique contribution of SVs in East Asian cattle to environmental adaptation and disease resistance

Unblurring ISAR Imaging for Maneuvering Target Based on UFGAN

Inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging for maneuvering targets suffers from a Doppler frequency time-varying problem, leading to the ISAR images blurred in the azimuth direction. Given that the traditional imaging methods have poor imaging performance or low efficiency, and the existing deep learning imaging methods cannot effectively reconstruct the deblurred ISAR images retaining rich details and textures, an unblurring ISAR imaging method based on an advanced Transformer structure for maneuvering targets is proposed. We first present a pseudo-measured data generation method based on the DeepLabv3+ network and Diamond-Square algorithm to acquire an ISAR dataset for training with good generalization to measured data. Next, with the locally-enhanced window Transformer block adopted to enhance the ability to capture local context as well as global dependencies, we construct a novel Uformer-based GAN (UFGAN) to restore the deblurred ISAR images with rich details and textures from blurred imaging results. The simulation and measured experiments show that the proposed method can achieve fast and high-quality imaging for maneuvering targets under the condition of a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and sparse aperture

Mussel-Inspired Membrane Adsorber with Thiol Ligand for Patulin Removal: Adsorption and Regeneration Behaviors

Mussel-inspired membrane adsorber with thiol ligand (SH-membrane adsorber) is prepared by polydopamine-assisted poly(ethylene imine) grafting and subsequent thiolation modification for efficient removal of patulin. The effects of temperature, contact time, pH, and initial patulin concentration on the adsorption capacity of the membrane adsorber are investigated. The results show that the SH-membrane adsorber is effective to remove patulin. The adsorption capacity of the membrane can reach 1245.11 mu g g(-1) for patulin. In static adsorption tests, the adsorption kinetic and equilibrium data are well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively, meaning that the adsorption process is a multilayer chemical adsorption. The SH-membrane adsorber can be recovered by l-cysteine, and the removal efficiency of patulin is maintained at about 89.23% after eight reuse cycles, compared to the 17.33% of control membrane. These results demonstrate that the SH-membrane adsorber has a potential application for patulin removal

Efficacy of adjuvant TACE on the prognosis of patients with HCC after hepatectomy: a multicenter propensity score matching from China

Abstract Background The survival benefit of adjuvant transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after hepatectomy remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the survival efficacy of adjuvant TACE after hepatectomy for HCC. Methods 1491 patients with HCC who underwent hepatectomy between January 2018 and September 2021 at four medical centers in China were retrospectively analyzed, including 782 patients who received adjuvant TACE and 709 patients who did not receive adjuvant TACE. Propensity score matching (PSM) (1:1) was performed to minimize selection bias, which balanced the clinical characteristics of the two groups. Results A total of 1254 patients were enrolled after PSM, including 627 patients who received adjuvant TACE and 627 patients who did not receive adjuvant TACE. Patients who received adjuvant TACE had higher disease-free survival (DFS, 1- ,2-, and 3-year: 78%-68%-62% vs. 69%-57%-50%, p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS, 1- ,2-, and 3-year: 96%-88%-80% vs. 90%-77%-66%, p < 0.001) than those who did not receive adjuvant TACE (Median DFS was 39 months). Among the different levels of risk factors affecting prognosis [AFP, Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, Maximum tumor diameter, Number of tumors, Child-Pugh classification, Liver cirrhosis, Vascular invasion (imaging), Microvascular invasion, Satellite nodules, Differentiation, Chinese liver cancer stage II-IIIa], the majority of patients who received adjuvant TACE had higher DFS or OS than those who did not receive adjuvant TACE. More patients who received adjuvant TACE accepted subsequent antitumor therapy such as liver transplantation, re-hepatectomy and local ablation after tumor recurrence, while more patients who did not receive adjuvant TACE accepted subsequent antitumor therapy with TACE after tumor recurrence (All p < 0.05). Conclusions Adjuvant TACE may be a potential way to monitor early tumor recurrence and improve postoperative survival in patients with HCC

Structural variation and introgression from wild populations in East Asian cattle genomes confer adaptation to local environment

Abstract Background Structural variations (SVs) in individual genomes are major determinants of complex traits, including adaptability to environmental variables. The Mongolian and Hainan cattle breeds in East Asia are of taurine and indicine origins that have evolved to adapt to cold and hot environments, respectively. However, few studies have investigated SVs in East Asian cattle genomes and their roles in environmental adaptation, and little is known about adaptively introgressed SVs in East Asian cattle. Results In this study, we examine the roles of SVs in the climate adaptation of these two cattle lineages by generating highly contiguous chromosome-scale genome assemblies. Comparison of the two assemblies along with 18 Mongolian and Hainan cattle genomes obtained by long-read sequencing data provides a catalog of 123,898 nonredundant SVs. Several SVs detected from long reads are in exons of genes associated with epidermal differentiation, skin barrier, and bovine tuberculosis resistance. Functional investigations show that a 108-bp exonic insertion in SPN may affect the uptake of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by macrophages, which might contribute to the low susceptibility of Hainan cattle to bovine tuberculosis. Genotyping of 373 whole genomes from 39 breeds identifies 2610 SVs that are differentiated along a “north–south” gradient in China and overlap with 862 related genes that are enriched in pathways related to environmental adaptation. We identify 1457 Chinese indicine-stratified SVs that possibly originate from banteng and are frequent in Chinese indicine cattle. Conclusions Our findings highlight the unique contribution of SVs in East Asian cattle to environmental adaptation and disease resistance