Санкции против России: эффективность и влияние на национальную безопасность России

The current stage of development of the entire world community, including Russia, is associated with such a thing as “sanction wars”. As an example, one can recall the introduction of US sanctions against China, Iran, Venezuela, and other countries, European sanctions, as well as various countersanctions of countries subjected to sanction pressure.As part of this paper, the sanctions imposed against Russia in connection with the Ukrainian crisis in 2014 and countersanctions imposed by Russia are considered. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of sanctions and countersanctions on the national security of Russia. In this regard, the following tasks were set: to identify the list of sanctions of Western countries imposed against Russia and their impact on the national security of Russia, to identify the list of countersanctions of Russia against Western countries and their impact on the national security of Russia, to identify further actions of Russia to ensure the national security of Russia under the conditions of sanction pressure.The study is based on the dialectical, historical and systematic approach, analysis, synthesis and comparison, induction and deduction. The study analyzed Russian and international literature on the topic of sanctions and their impact on national security.Based on the results of the study, the directions of economic development based on the promotion of import substitution, innovation and public-private partnerships with the aim of ensuring the national security of Russia under the conditions of sanction pressure have been proposed. The findings of the study may be of interest to the academic community, studying the impact of sanctions on the national security of the country. The experience of Russia may be of interest to countries subjected to sanction pressure from the United States and its allies.La etapa actual de desarrollo de toda la comunidad mundial, incluida Rusia, está asociada con cosas como "guerras de sanciones", por ejemplo, podemos recordar la introducción de sanciones de Estados Unidos contra China, Irán, Venezuela y otros países, sanciones europeas, así como varios países. sometido a presión de sanción. Como parte de este artículo, se consideran las sanciones impuestas contra Rusia en relación con la crisis ucraniana en 2014 y las sanciones contrarias impuestas por Rusia. El propósito de este estudio es determinar el impacto de las sanciones y contra-sanciones en la seguridad nacional de Rusia. En este sentido, se establecieron las siguientes tareas: determinar la lista de sanciones de los países occidentales impuestas contra Rusia, y su impacto en la seguridad nacional de Rusia, determinar la lista de contra-sanciones de Rusia contra los países occidentales y su impacto en la seguridad nacional de Rusia, para determinar acciones adicionales de Rusia para garantizar la seguridad nacional de Rusia bajo condiciones de presión de sanción. El estudio se basa en un enfoque dialéctico, histórico y sistemático, análisis, síntesis y comparación, inducción y deducción. El estudio analizó la literatura rusa e internacional sobre el tema de las sanciones y su impacto en la seguridad nacional. Sobre la base de los resultados del estudio, se proponen las direcciones del desarrollo económico basadas en la promoción de la sustitución de importaciones, la innovación y las asociaciones público-privadas con el objetivo de garantizar la seguridad nacional de Rusia en condiciones de presión de sanción. Los hallazgos del estudio pueden ser de interés para la comunidad científica, al estudiar el impacto de las sanciones en la seguridad nacional del país, la experiencia de Rusia puede ser de interés para los países sujetos a la presión de las sanciones de los Estados Unidos y sus aliados.современный этап развития всего мирового сообщества, в том числе России, связан с таким явлением как «санкционные войны», в качестве примера можно вспомнить введение санкции США против Китая, Ирана, Венесуэлы и других стран, европейские санкции, а также различные контрсанкции стран, подвергшихся санкционному давлению.В рамках данной статьи рассмотрены санкции, введенные против России в связи с украинским кризисом в 2014 году, и контрсанкции введенные Россией. Целью данного исследования является определение влияния санкций и контрсанкций на национальную безопасность России. В этой связи были поставлены следующие задачи: определить перечень санкции западных стран, введенных против России, и их влияние на национальную безопасность России, определить перечень контрсанкций России против западных стран и их влияние на национальную безопасность России, определить дальнейшее действия России по обеспечению национальной безопасности России в условиях санкционного давления.Исследование основано на диалектическом, историческом и системном подходе, анализе, синтезе и сравнении, индукции и дедукции. В исследовании проанализирована российская и международная литература на тему санкций и их влияния на национальную безопасность.По итогам исследования предложены направления экономического развития, основанные на стимулировании импортозамещения, инноваций и государственно-частного партнерства с целью обеспечения национальной безопасности России в условиях санкционного давления. Выводы, полученные в ходе исследования, могут быть интересны научному сообществу, изучающие влияние санкций на национальную безопасность страны, опыт России может быть интересен странам, подвергшимся санкционному давлению США и их союзников

A nonstationary form of the range refraction parabolic equation and its application as an artificial boundary condition for the wave equation in a waveguide

The time-dependent form of Tappert's range refraction parabolic equation is derived using Daletskiy-Krein formula form noncommutative analysis and proposed as an artificial boundary condition for the wave equation in a waveguide. The numerical comparison with Higdon's absorbing boundary conditions shows sufficiently good quality of the new boundary condition at low computational cost.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

Molecular-genetic aspects of the endometrium state on the day of the tentative implantation window in women with recurrent miscarriage in the programs of assisted reproductive technologies

Golovatyuk K. P., Nosenko O. M., Makshayeva E. T., Trofimov D. Yu., Donnikov A. E., Kolin V. V. Molecular-genetic aspects of the endometrium state on the day of the tentative implantation window in women with recurrent miscarriage in the programs of assisted reproductive technologies. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2017;7(9):621-626. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1068361 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/5076 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 1223 (26.01.2017). 1223 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Authors 2017; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.08.2017. Revised: 20.09.2017. Accepted: 29.09.2017. MOLECULAR-GENETIC ASPECTS OF THE ENDOMETRIUM STATE ON THE DAY OF THE tentative IMPLANTATION WINDOW IN WOMEN WITH recurrent miscarriage IN THE PROGRAMS OF ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES 1K. P. Golovatyuk, 2O. M. Nosenko, 1E. T. Makshayeva, 3D. Yu. Trofimov, 4A. E. Donnikov, 3V. V. Kolin 1Limited Liability Company Medical Center for Reproductive Health "Gameta", Odessa, Ukraine; 2Odessa National Medical University, Ukraine; 3Limited Liability Company "NPF DNA-Technology", Moscow, Russia; 4FGBU Scientific Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology. named after acad. V.I. Kulakov Ministry of Health care and Social Development of Russia, Moscow, Russia; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract More than 50% of pregnant women after the programs of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) face the problem of recurrent miscarriage (RMC), especially in the first trimester. Significant role in the development of RMC has infectious factor and chronic inflammation in the endometrium. The aim: to reveal the peculiarities of immune response mRNA genes of the inflammatory component expression in the period of the tentative implantation window (TIW) in women with RMC in ART programs. Material and methods. The main group consisted of 240 patients with RMC in ART programs; the control group included 100 conditionally healthy fertile women. On the ground of PCR reverse transcription, the mRNA of the IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, Foxp3, TLR9, IL-2Rα cytokine genes was examined in endometrial samples obtained with the help of biopsy on the TIW day. Results. Analysis of the transcriptional profile of the immune response genes in the endometrium on TIW day revealed that the relative level of mRNA expression of the IL-1β, IL-2, Foxp3, TLR9, IL-2Rα genes did not differ significantly in the main and control groups. Statistically significant decrease in mRNA expression of IL-10 gene was observed in women with RPL. Conclusions. A feature of mRNA expression of the inflammatory component of the immune response in TIW period in women with RMC in ART programs is a decrease in the expression level of the IL-10 gene mRNA, which may be one of the reasons for the unfavorable outcomes of the onset pregnancy. Key words: recurrent miscarriage, assisted reproductive technologies, immune response, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, tentative implantation window

Sensitivities of Low Energy Reactor Neutrino Experiments

The low energy part of the reactor neutrino spectra has not been experimentally measured. Its uncertainties limit the sensitivities in certain reactor neutrino experiments. The origin of these uncertainties are discussed, and the effects on measurements of neutrino interactions with electrons and nuclei are studied. Comparisons are made with existing results. In particular, the discrepancies between previous measurements with Standard Model expectations can be explained by an under-estimation of the low energy reactor neutrino spectra. To optimize the experimental sensitivities, measurements for \nuebar-e cross-sections should focus on events with large ($>$1.5 MeV) recoil energy while those for neutrino magnetic moment searches should be based on events $<$100 keV. The merits and attainable accuracies for neutrino-electron scattering experiments using artificial neutrino sources are discussed.Comment: 25 pages, 9 figure

Photoconductivity of CdS-CdSe granular films: influence of microstructure

We study experimentally the photoconductivity of CdS-CdSe sintered granular films obtained by the screen printing method. We mostly focus on the dependences of photoconductivity on film's microstructure, which varies with changing heat-treatment conditions. The maximum photoconductivity is found for samples with compact packing of individual grains, which nevertheless are separated by gaps. Such a microstructure is typical for films heat-treated during an intermediate (optimal) time. In order to understand whether the dominant mechanism of charge transfer is identical with the one in monocrystals, we perform temperature measurements of photoresistance. Corresponding curves have the same peculiar nonmonotonic shape as in CdSe monocrystals, from which we conclude that the basic mechanism is also the same. It is suggested that the optimal heat-treatment time appears as a result of a competition between two mechanisms: improvement of film's connectivity and its oxidation. Photoresistance is also measured in vacuum and in helium atmosphere, which suppress oxygen and water absorption/chemisorption at intergrain boundaries. We demonstrate that this suppression increases photoconductivity, especially at high temperatures.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, final versio

Optical and photoelectrical properties of CdSxSe1–x films produced by screen-printing technology

In this paper the optical and photoelectrical properties of CdSxSe1–x films prepared using the screenprinting and sintering technique, were studied. CdCl2 was used both as a sintering flux and as a doping agent. CuCl was also used as a doping agent. The temperatures and times of preparation varied in the range of 500–600 °С and 5–60 min, respectively. The as-prepared films were characterized by the scanning electron microscopy, micro-probe X-Ray analysis, photoluminescence and photoconductance methods. Our investigations have shown that photoresponse of the CdSxSe1–x films prepared by a screenprinting method can be suitable for the production of large-area photosensitive devices

Нерешенные вопросы диагностики рестриктивного типа вентиляционных нарушений

The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic value of an algorithm for restrictive ventilation disorders recommended by the American Thoracic and European Respiratory Society. Methods. We analyzed pulmonary function tests of 148 patients with interstitial lung disease with increased lung elasticity and without airways obstruction. A specific type of restrictive disorders referred to as «non-classic», because it does not match existing diagnostic criteria, was observed in most patients (n = 86). The recommended diagnostic algorithm had low sensitivity (0.42) mainly due to a low informative value of spirometry (VC was within a normal range in 80% of patients with non-classic restrictive pattern).С целью определения эффективности алгоритма диагностики рестриктивного типа вентиляционных нарушений, рекомендованного Американским торакальным и Европейским респираторным обществами, проанализированы результаты легочных функциональных тестов у больных (n = 148) интерстициальными заболеваниями легких с отсутствием признаков обструкции дыхательных путей и повышенной эластичностью легких. В большинстве случаев (n = 86) наблюдался вариант рестриктивных нарушений, названный неклассическим, поскольку он не удовлетворял существующим диагностическим критериям. При использовании рекомендованного к применению алгоритма диагностики рестриктивного типа вентиляционных нарушений продемонстрирована низкая чувствительность (0,42). Основной причиной тому была недостаточная информативность спирометрии – у 80 % больных с неклассическим рестриктивным паттерном жизненной емкости легких показатели оставались в пределах нормальных значений

Влияние светодиодного освещения на содержание фотосинтезирующих пигментов в листьях томата

Relevance and methods. We studied the influence of LED lighting of different spectral composition on the content of photosynthetic pigments in tomato leaves to identify the most optimal lighting option suitable for obtaining high-quality seedlings under controlled conditions. We used LED lamps in which the ratio of the photon flux density (PFD) of the orange-red band (607–694 nm) to the PFD of the blue band (400–495 nm) varied from 1 to 20. In this case, the proportion of the PFD in the range 580-607 nm ( yellow) ranged from 13 to 22%, and the fraction of photons in the range 495–580 nm (green) ranged from 18 to 38%. The research was carried out with two varieties of Belarusian tomato varieties, which differed in a number of morphobiological characteristics.Results. It was found that the use of LED lighting of different spectral composition had mainly an inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of chlorophylls and carotenoids in the leaf tissue of plants. The decrease in the amount of pigments, in comparison with the control variant, reached 47-57%. It was revealed that under all studied lighting options, with the exception of conditions where the spectral ratio R / B ("red/blue") was 0.8, the value of the total inhibitory effect in the Cherry Coral variety was 1.2-1.7 times lower than that of the Zorka variety, which indicated a significantly lower susceptibility of the pigment fund of the former to LED lighting. The smallest inhibitory effect of the latter on the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments in both tomato varieties was established at a photon flux of 69.1 μmol/s, while the greatest, exceeding it by 3.0-3.1 times in the Zorka variety and 4.5-5.3 times for the Cherry Coral variety with a photon flux of 73.9 μmol/s.Актуальность и методика. Изучали влияние светодиодного освещения разного спектрального состава на содержание фотосинтезирующих пигментов в листьях томата для выявления оптимального варианта освещения, пригодного для получения качественной рассады в контролируемых условиях. Применяли светодиодные светильники, у которых отношение плотности потока фотонов (ППФ) оранжево-красной полосы (607–694 нм) к ППФ синей полосы (400–495 нм) варьировало от 1 до 20. При этом доля ППФ в диапазоне 580–607 нм (желтый) составляла от 13 до 22%, а доля фотонов в диапазоне 495–580 нм (зеленый) – от 18 до 38%. Исследования проводили с двумя сортами томата белорусской селекции, которые отличались по ряду морфобиологических признаков.Результаты. Установлено, что применение светодиодного освещения разного спектрального состава оказало в основном ингибирующее действие на биосинтез хлорофиллов и каротиноидов в листовой ткани растений. Снижение количества пигментов, по сравнению с контрольным вариантом, достигало 47-57%. Выявлено, что при всехтисследуемых вариантах освещения, за исключением условий, где спектральное соотношение R/B («красный/синий») составляло 0,8, величина совокупного ингибирующего эффекта у сорта Черри Коралл оказалась в 1,2-1,7 раза меньшей, чем у сорта Зорка, что свидетельствовало о значительно меньшей восприимчивости пигментного фонда первого из них к светодиодному освещению. Наименьшее ингибирующее влияние последнего на биосинтез фотосинтезирующих пигментов у обоих сортов томата установлено при потоке фотонов 69,1 мкмоль/с, тогда как наибольшее, превосходящее его в 3,0-3,1 раза – у сорта Зорка и в 4,5-5,3 раза – у сорта Черри Коралл при потоке фотонов 73,9 мкмоль/с

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПРОГРАММЫ ЛЕГОЧНОЙ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ХРОНИЧЕСКОЙ ОБСТРУКТИВНОЙ БОЛЕЗНЬЮ ЛЕГКИХ

Comprehensive pulmonary rehabilitation is gradually becoming the «gold standard» in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It includes physical training, correction of nutritional status, patient education, psychological and social support.Комплексная легочная реабилитация постепенно становится «золотым стандартом» в лечении ХОБЛ. Она включает в себя физические тренировки, коррекцию нутритивного статуса, обучение пациентов, психо-социальную поддержку