Tabsit Nusus li l-Qira'at al-Muwassa'a li l-Natiqin bi Ghair al-Arabiya = Simplification of texts for expanded reading for the benefit of non-Arabic speakers

This study comprises an introduction and six chapters. The introduction presents a chronological synopsis of the development of Arabic language teaching up to now. Chapter One presents a broad framework for this study as well as the problem and associated questions whose resolution is being sought, namely treating shortcomings relating to the teaching of Arabic to non-Arabic speakers as regards reading. Chapter Two is a survey of the theoretical study that classifies the most psychological, pedagogic, cultural, linguistic and reading competence principles needing compliance in the compilation and simplification of texts. Chapter Three comprises texts that have been simplified by this researcher. Chapter Four analyses and appraises simplified texts by providing mechanisms used for that purpose. Chapter Five comprises a model lesson, based on the principles outlined above. Chapter Six reviews the most important findings in terms of the ideal time needed for realising the hypothesis of the research and provides other proposals and concluding comments.Religious Studies and ArabicM.A. (Arabic

Analyse des données de la mission Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) sur des bassins versants choisis au Canada pour la caractérisation des eaux souterraines.

Résumé : Les eaux souterraines ont un impact majeur sur la vie terrestre, les besoins domestiques et le climat. Elles sont aussi un maillon essentiel du cycle hydrologique. Au Canada par exemple, plus de 30 % de la population est tributaire des eaux souterraines pour leur alimentation en eau potable. Ces ressources subissent de nombreuses pressions sous l’influence de certains facteurs comme la salinisation, la contamination et l’épuisement. La variabilité du climat et la demande croissante sur ces ressources imposent l'amélioration de nos connaissances sur les eaux souterraines. L’objectif principal du projet de recherche est d’exploiter les données d’anomalies (TWS) de la mission Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) pour localiser, quantifier et analyser les variations des eaux souterraines à travers les bassins versants du Bas-Mackenzie, du Saint-Laurent, du Nord-Québec et du Labrador. Il s’agit aussi d’analyser l’influence des cycles d’accumulation et de fonte de neige sur les variations du niveau des eaux souterraines. Pour estimer les variations des eaux souterraines, la connaissance des autres paramètres du bilan hydrologique est nécessaire. Ces paramètres sont estimés à l’aide des sorties du modèles de surface CLM du Système Global d’Assimilation des Données de la Terre (GLDAS). Les données GRACE qui ont été utilisées sont celles acquises durant la période allant de mars 2002 à août 2012. Les résultats ont été évalués à partir d’enregistrements de niveaux piézométriques provenant de 1841 puits localisés dans les aquifères libres du bassin des réseaux de suivi des eaux souterraines au Canada. Les valeurs de rendements spécifiques des différents types d’aquifères de chaque puits et celles des variations mensuelles du niveau d’eau dans ces puits ont été utilisées pour estimer les variations des anomalies des eaux souterraines in-situ. L’étude de corrélation entre les variations des anomalies des eaux souterraines estimées à partir de la combinaison GRACE-GLDAS et celles issues de données in-situ révèle des concordances significatives avec des valeurs de =0,46 et = 0,50 entre ΔGW et ΔGWPiézo, respectivement pour le bassin du Bas-Mackenzie et celui du Saint-Laurent. Quant à la combinaison de tous les bassins, elle s’est caractérisée par une corrélation un peu plus faible (=0,44). Les valeurs des coefficients de corrélation calculée avec des données indépendantes de SWE venant des produits GlobSnow ; R = -0,68 sur le bassin du Bas-Mackenzie, R = -0,76 sur le bassin versant du Nord-du-Québec et du Labrador, R = -0,51 sur le bassin versant du Saint-Laurent et R = -0,52 pour les trois bassins réunis, montrent que ΔGW est très sensible à la quantité d’eau dans la neige, avec des spécificités pour chaque bassin versant étudié.Abstract : Groundwater is an important component of the hydrological cycle. In Canada, more than 30% of the population relies on the main source of water for domestic use. These resources are under pressure factors such as salinization, contamination and exhaustion. Our knowledge on groundwater needs improvement because of climate variability and an increasing demand for these resources. The main objective of this project is to use the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission data (TWS) anomalies to locate, quantify and analyze the groundwater changes in Mackenzie St. Lawrence, North-Quebec and Labrador basins. Also this work aims to analyze the influence of accumulation cycles and snowmelt on groundwater level changes. For this groundwater changes estimation, it is necessary to estimate other water balance parameters. These parameters are estimated by using the outputs of the land surface model CLM of the Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) Data Products. The TWS data used are from March 2002 to august 2012. The results were evaluated by using the groundwater levels records from 1841 wells located in the free aquifers of different Canadian groundwater monitoring networks. The Specific yields values of the different types of aquifers from each well and the monthly changes in the water level in these wells were used to estimate changes in the in-situ groundwater anomalies. The correlation study between changes in groundwater anomalies estimated from the combination GRACE-GLDAS and those from in-situ data reveals significant matches with values of R = 0,46 and R = 0,50 between ΔGW and ΔGWPiézo respectively for the Lower-Mackenzie and the St. Lawrence basins. The combination of all the basins is characterized by a slightly weaker correlation (R = 0, 44).The correlation coefficients calculated with an independent data coming from SWE GlobSnow products are R = -0, 68 for Lower-Mackenzie River Basin, R = -0, 76 for Nord-du-Québec and Labrador basin, R = -0, 51 for St. Lawrence basin and R = -0, 52 for the three basins taken together. These correlations show that ΔGW is very sensitive to the snowmelt water amount, but with specificities for each studied basin

The radiation effect on low noise amplifier implemented in the space-aerial–terrestrial integrated 5G networks

This paper provides the details of a study on the effects of electron irradiation on two Low Noise Amplifiers (LNA), the Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs) pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) based and the Silicon-Germanium (SiGe) Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor (HBT)-based. Previous studies have shown that the properties of GaAs and SiGe HBT’s are very tolerant of gamma, neutron, and proton irradiation without additional radiation hardening. Nowadays, commercials on the shelves (COTS) LNAs have been used in CubeSat space communication systems which may be connected to other communication networks for the implementation of the space-aerial- terrestrial integrated 5G network (SATIN) systems projects, for satellites, launched into Low and Medium Earth Orbits. Previous studies suggest that the electron radiation in space may degrade the LNAs’ performance and might even lead to its failure. Located at the front end of the communication receiver system, this paper conducted such investigation to evaluate the performance under the radiation of the GaAs and SiGe LNAs considering the physics of the technology of each LNA, respectively. The results indicate that both SiGe and GaAs technologies are affected after electron irradiation. As a result, this degradation of the LNAs’ performance affected the communications system performance of the inter-satellite radio link. After the assessment of the quality performance of the communication link at the system level, it has been found that the inter-satellite space link will be at risk under high space radiation dose and the link BER degrades proportionally to the radiation dose level

Aspects Épidémiologiques, Diagnostiques Et Thérapeutiques Des Traumatismes Abdominaux À Bembéréké-Nord Bénin

Objective: describe the epidemiological, diagnostic aspects and therapeutic approaches at Bembereke in northern Benin. Patients and methods: all victims of abdominal trauma received in the department of surgery between 1 st January 2010 and 30 July 2013 and with complete records were included in this retrospective study. Results: The abdominal trauma accounted for 1.1% of hospitalization and 10% of abdominal emergencies. The average age of patients was 28.04 ± 22.25 years with extremes of 02 and 67 years. The sex ratio equaled to 7.17. Half of the patients were children under 15 years. The first three circumstances abdominal trauma was road traffic accidents 31 (31.63%) cases, animal aggression 27 (27.55%) cases and falls from a tree 14 (14,29%) cases. Contusions were found in 73 (74.50%) cases and wounds in 25 (25.50%) cases. Fifty four (55.10%) laparotomy were performed. The rate of white laparotomy is 5.55% with 3 cases. The spleen was the most affected organ (15%) followed by small bowel (13%). Morbidity was 8.16% dominated by parietal suppuration. The rate of mortality was 2.04%. Mean hospital stay was 10.7 days. Conclusion: abdominal trauma interested young adult male in northern Benin. Road traffic accidents and animal injuries were the leading cause

PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF A TRADITIONAL MEDICINE, RUTIN, AGAINST LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-INDUCED ENDOTOXEMIA IN MICE

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a main causative agent of septic shock. In this study we investigated the possible effects of Rutin (RT) against LPS-induced endotoxemia model in vivo to determine whether RT could rescue mice from ensuing death after their exposure to LPS. To further understand the role of RT, the responses of cytokines were also assessed in serum isolated from blood collected at 0, 1.5, 3, 6, and 12h after LPS administration of the mice. In the study, RT showed suppressive effects on TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production by LPS- challenged mice. Furthermore, RT protected mice by improving host survival against LPS challenge. The present ï¬ndings reinforce the potential of RT, a natural compound as drug candidate for prevention of sepsis progression. Keywords: Rutin, lipopolysaccharide, cytokine, sepsis, mic

Recharge, groundwater flow pattern and contamination processes in an arid volcanic area: Insights from isotopic and geochemical tracers (Bara aquifer system, Republic of Djibouti)

Fractured volcanic aquifers are the main water resources in the arid climate of the Republic of Djibouti. Nonetheless, these strategic reservoirs are overexploited and their comprehensive understanding is therefore a pre-requisite for a sustainable use. A geochemical and isotopic survey, including major ion chemistry, 2H, 18O, 13C, 3H, 87Sr/86Sr, 15N was performed and combined with existing 14C data to study recharge, contamination processes and groundwater flow patterns inside and between the compartments of a complex aquifer system composed by basaltic rocks and by alluvium located in Petit Bara, Grand Bara, and Mouloud areas (Southwest of Djibouti). A main feature was the common trend from a fresh Na-Cl-HCO3 water type (alluvium groundwaters) to an intermediate water type (alluvium and basalt groundwaters) and finally to a Na-Cl-SO4 water type (most mineralized basalt groundwater). Elementary and isotopic nitrate evidenced and located anthropogenic and geogenic origins of nitrate. Alluvium groundwaters had δ2H and δ18O signature of modern precipitation while basalt groundwaters were significantly depleted and enriched in δ13C due to water-rock interactions. Modern radiocarbon and tritium were evidenced in the alluvium groundwaters, while recalculated radiocarbon ages located recharge of the basalt groundwaters in the early to mid-Holocene. These features revealed a common evolutionary pattern, with a recharge from wadi-rivers to the alluvium and a downward circulation to the basalt through major faults, combined with a mixing with a more geochemically evolved groundwater. Accordingly, highly saline groundwater at the outlet of the Petit Bara plain was found to be diluted by modern recharge in the alluvium. Two major basaltic aquifer compartments were found to be connected (Grand Bara and Mouloud), revealing a global northeastward flowpath below the endorheic Grand Bara plain

NEUROBRUCELLOSIS: A REPORT OF TWO CASES.

Brucellosis is a ubiquitous zoonosis particularly affecting the Mediterranean countries and the Middle East. Its clinical presentation is quite heterogeneous and diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion in patients from endemic areas. The radiological abnormalities of neurobrucellosis are also variable and may mimic other inflammatory, infectious or vascular diseases. We present two cases of neurobrucellosis with varying clinical involvement from south of Morocco. The results of lumbar puncture, magnetic resonance imaging and especially serology have led to the conclusion of neurobrucellosis. Neurobrucellosis is a serious disease whose prognosis depends on the early diagnosis and treatment

Typologie des stratégies d’adaptation des éleveuses de petits ruminants au nord du Bénin face au changement climatique

Climate change (CC) has a direct impact on ruminant farming, given that it mobilizes resources whose seasonality and productivity are strongly linked to the climate. Small ruminant farmers react to the effects of CC by adopting various adaptation strategies. Knowledge of these strategies is essential in identifying and prioritizing the best of them. It is in this context that this study aims to achieve the typology of adaptation strategies developed by small ruminant women farmers in the dry and sub-humid tropical zones of Benin. For this purpose, a survey was conducted with 120 small ruminant women farmers in eight villages of two climatic zones. The data collected related to the socio-demographic characteristics of small ruminant women farmers, their perceptions and adaptation strategies. Using a Factorial Analysis of Multiple Correspondence (FACM) method, a typology of 3 groups of adaptation strategies was established: (1) integrating crops with animal husbandry (Group 1: ICA) developed by 51.7 % of the women surveyed, i.e. 60 women; (2) integrating crops with animal husbandry and shrubs (Group 2: ICArA) implemented by 13.3 % of respondents (i.e. 16 women) and finally (3) the strategy based on agro-industrial by-products and crop residues (ASPR) developed by 35.0 % of the women farmers surveyed, i.e. 42 women. This typology constitutes a starting point for the evaluation of the productivity of small ruminant farms in relation to the adaptation strategies developed by the women owners of these farms. Keywords: Climate change, goats, sheep, women, adaptation strategies.Le changement climatique (CC) a un impact direct sur l’élevage des ruminants, étant donné qu’il mobilise des ressources dont la saisonnalité et la productivité sont fortement liées au climat. Les éleveuses de petits ruminants réagissent aux effets du CC en adoptant différentes stratégies d’adaptation. La connaissance de ces stratégies s’avère indispensable dans la mesure où elle permettra d’identifier et de vulgariser les meilleures d’ente elles. C’est dans ce cadre que cette étude vise à réaliser la typologie des stratégies d’adaptation développées par les éleveuses de petits ruminants des zones tropicales sèche et subhumide du Bénin. À cet effet, une enquête a été menée auprès de 120 éleveuses de petits ruminants dans 8 villages des deux zones climatiques. Les données collectées ont été relatives aux caractéristiques socio-démographiques, aux perceptions et stratégies d’adaptation développées par ces éleveuses. À l’aide des méthodes d’Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances Multiples (AFCM), une typologie de trois groupes de stratégies d’adaptation a été établie. Il s’agit de (1) la stratégie d’intégration des cultures aux animaux (Groupe 1: ICA) développée par 51,7 % des femmes enquêtées, soit 60 personnes; (2) de la stratégie d’intégration des cultures, arbustes et animaux (Groupe 2: ICArA) mise en place par 13,3 % des enquêtés (soit 16 femmes) et enfin (3) de la stratégie d’alimentation basée sur les sous-produits agroindustriels et les résidus de récoltes (ASPR) développées par 35,0 % des femmes éleveuses enquêtées, soit 42 individus. Cette typologie constitue un point de départ pour l’évaluation de la productivité des élevages des petits ruminants en lien avec les stratégies d’adaptation développées par les femmes détentrices de ces élevages. Mots clés: Changement climatique, caprins, ovins, femmes, stratégies d’adaptation