Mobilidade de nutrientes no perfil do solo em plantio direto com aplicação de dejeto líquido bovino em longo prazo

Orientador: Profª. Drª. Nerilde FavarettoCoorientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Vargas MottaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência do Solo. Defesa: Curitiba, 24/02/2016Inclui referências : f. 29-33;48-51Area de concentração : Solo e ambienteResumo: Com o crescente desenvolvimento da pecuária leiteira no estado Paraná, informações são necessárias para avaliar o impacto da disposição do dejeto bovino sobre áreas agrícolas e corpos d'água. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a mobilidade de fósforo, nitrogênio e carbono no perfil do solo, verificar a influência da aplicação de dejeto líquido bovino (DLB) em longo prazo (9 anos) sob plantio direto na adsorção de fósforo pelo solo, bem como sugerir um limite crítico ambiental de fósforo no solo a partir do "change point". Os experimentos foram conduzidos em duas estações experimentais da Fundação ABC, sendo uma em Ponta Grossa-PR sobre Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo Distrófico típico (Latossolo arenoso), textura franco argilo arenosa e outro em Castro-PR, sobre Latossolo Bruno Distrófico típico (Latossolo argiloso), textura muito argilosa. A instalação dos experimentos foi realizada em novembro de 2005 e maio de 2006, em Ponta Grossa e Castro, respectivamente, em área sob sistema de plantio direto estabelecido há mais de 15 anos, com rotação de culturas de aveia preta e trigo no inverno e soja e milho no verão. Foram avaliadas em cada área quatro doses de DLB (0, 60, 120, 180 m3 ha-1 ano-1). Foi realizada a coleta de solo em 2014, em seis profundidades (0-0,1; 0,1-0,2; 0,2-0,3; 0,3-0,4; 0,4-0,5; 0,5-0,6 m), para análises de solo e solução do solo. O efeito da aplicação de DLB na mobilidade de fósforo foi observado até 0,5 m no Latossolo arenoso. No Latossolo argiloso não foi observada mobilidade de fósforo no solo, porém, na solução do solo verificou-se efeito da aplicação de DLB até 0,2 m. Verificou-se redução na energia de ligação em ambos os Latossolos com aplicação de DLB, mas somente no Latossolo arenoso observou-se redução na capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo. Encontrou-se "change point" no Latossolo arenoso de 34,2% de grau de saturação de fósforo calculado por Mehlich-1 e 62,2% de grau de saturação de fósforo calculado por resina, correspondendo a 103 mg kg-1 de fósforo Mehlich - 1 e 188 mg kg-1 de fósforo resina, respectivamente. Estes valores são sugeridos como limite crítico ambiental de fósforo, na camada superficial do solo (0 - 0,1 m). A aplicação de DLB em longo prazo no Latossolo arenoso influenciou no acúmulo de nitrato em profundidade no solo e solução do solo, indicando alto potencial de perdas via subsuperficie. Para amônio, a aplicação de DLB não teve efeito nos seus teores no solo e solução do solo. Foi observado aumento dos teores de carbono orgânico dissolvido na solução do solo com aplicação de DLB em superfície (0 - 0,1 m), crescendo a preocupação com perdas via escoamento superficial. Em ambos os Latossolos, a profundidade teve maior influência na distribuição das formas de nitrogênio, sendo o nitrato a forma de nitrogênio que predominou em profundidade, refletindo a sua maior mobilidade. Palavras-chave: lixiviação, saturação de fósforo, limite crítico ambiental, nitrato, amônio, carbono orgânico solúvel.Abstract: With the development of dairy farming in Paraná state, information is needed to assess the impact of dairy manure disposal on croplands and water bodies. This study aims to evaluate the mobility of phosphorus, nitrogen and carbon in the soil profile; evaluate the influence of application of dairy liquid manure (DLM) in long-term under no-tillage on phosphorus adsorption by soil, as well as suggest an environmental critical limit of phosphorus in the soil from the "change point". The experiments were conducted in two experimental stations of the ABC Foundation, one in the city of Ponta Grossa, PR, on a Dystrophic Red-Yellow Oxisol (sandy Oxisol), sandy clay loam texture and another in the city of Castro, PR, on a Dystrophic Oxisol (clayey Oxisol), clay texture. The experimental plots were established in November 2005 and May 2006 in Ponta Grossa and Castro, respectively, in an area under no-tillage system established for over 15 years, with crop rotation of oat and wheat in the winter, and soybean and corn in the summer. Treatments consist of increase rates of DLM (0, 60, 120, 180 m3 ha-1 year-1) applied in two steps, half in the winter planting and half in the summer planting, on the soil surface. Mineral fertilization was used according to the crop needs. Soil samples were collected in 2014, in six depths (0-0.1; 0.1-0.2; 0.2-0.3; 0.3-0.4; 0, 4 to 0.5; 0.5-0.6 m), for soil and soil solution analyses. The effect of the application of DLM in phosphorus mobility was observed to 0.5 m in the sandy Oxisol. On clayey Oxisol, was not observed phosphorus mobility in soil, however, in the soil solution the effect of the DLM application was verified to 0.2 m. A reduction in the binding energy in both Oxisols with the application of DLM was observed, but only in the sandy Oxisol there was a reduction in phosphorus maximum adsorption capacity. It was found "change point" in sandy Oxisol of 34.2% degree of phosphorus saturation calculated by Mehlich-1 and 62.2% degree of phosphorus saturation calculated by resin, corresponding to 103 mg kg-1 of phosphorus Mehlich - 1 and 188 mg kg-1 of phosphorus resin, respectively. These values are are suggested as environmental critical limit of phosphorus, on soil surface (0 - 0.1 m). The application of DLM in the long-term on the sandy Oxisol influenced the nitrate accumulation in depth in soil and soil solution, indicating a high potential for losses via subsurface. For ammonium, the application of DLM had no effect on their contents in the soil and the soil solution. There was an increase of dissolved organic carbon in soil solution with DLM application in surface (0 - 0.1 m), raising concern about losses via runoff. In both Oxisols, the depth had a greater influence in the distribution of the nitrogen forms, where the nitrate was the form of nitrogen that prevailed in depth, reflecting their greater mobility. Keywords: leaching, phosphorus saturation, phosphorus threshold, nitrate, ammonium, soluble organic carbon

A Novel 3D Evaluation of the Correlation Between the Condylar Position and Angle Classification in a Lebanese Population: A Pilot Study

Résumé Introduction : L’articulation temporo-mandibulaire (ATM) est l’une des articulations les plus complexes. Sa morphologie varie selon les individus, et même entre les côtés gauche et droit. Plusieurs études ont démontré une relation significative entre certaines caractéristiques occlusales et la morphologie articulaire. La tomodensitométrie à faisceau conique (CBCT) est actuellement la modalité la plus largement adoptée pour l’examen de l’ATM. Objectif : Cette étude vise à comparer, dans une cohorte Libanaise, l’espace interarticulaire avec les différentes classes d’Angle en utilisant le CBCT. Méthodologie : Une analyse rétrospective a été menée sur des images CBCT réalisées à l’Université Saint Joseph de Beyrouth sur une période de 1 an, entre 2021 et 2022. Quatre valeurs de clairance ont été sélectionnées, représentant la distance minimale entre l’os temporal et le condyle mandibulaire qui définit l’espace interarticulaire : 0,5 mm, 1 mm, 1,5 mm et 2 mm. Pour chaque valeur choisie, nous avons recherché la présence ou non d’une surface visible. Cette surface correspond à la zone du condyle ayant une distance du condyle à l’os temporal inférieure ou égale à la valeur choisie. Résultats : Vingt-neuf patients âgés de 12 à 60 ans ont été inclus ; 12 (41 %) étaient des hommes et 17 (59 %) des femmes. Les 48 images CBCT (23 du côté droit et 25 du côté gauche) ont été réparties en trois groupes selon la classification d’Angle : classe I (n = 14), classe II (n = 29) et classe III (n = 5). Pour une distance de [0 mm ;0,5 mm ;1mm et 1,5mm] correspondent des surfaces de valeurs nulles. Pour un intervalle compris entre [1,5 – 2mm] correspond une surface de 18,8 mm2 pour les sujets de classe I, 16,6 mm2 pour les sujets de classe II, et 30,5 mm2 pour les sujets de classe III. Les résultats n’ont pas montré de corrélation statistiquement significative entre l’espace interarticulaire et les différentes classes d’Angle. Conclusion : L’évaluation tridimensionnelle de la position condylienne par CBCT a montré qu’il n’existe pas de corrélation entre les espaces interarticulaires et les différentes classes d’Angle. Mots clés : position condylienne ; classification d’Angle ; occlusion ; CBCT ; tomodensitométrie. Abstract Introduction: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is one of the most complex joints. Its morphology varies between individuals, and even between the left and right sides. Several studies have found a significant relation between certain occlusal features and joint morphology. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging is currently the most widely adopted modality for the examination of the TMJ. Objective: This study aimed to compare the joint space in a Lebanese cohort with different Angle classification using CBCT. Methodology: We retrospectively analyzed CBCT images performed at the Saint Joseph University of Beirut in Lebanon, over a period of 1 year, between 2021 and 2022. Four clearance values were selected, representing the minimum distance between the temporal bone and the mandibular condyle that defines the joint space: 0.5 mm, 1 mm, 1.5 mm, and 2 mm. For each value chosen, we looked for the presence or not of a visible surface. This surface corresponds to the area of the condyle with a distance from the condyle to the temporal bone less than or equal to the chosen value. Results: Twenty-nine patients aged between 12 and 60 years old were included; 12 (41%) were males and 17 (59%) females. We classified 48 CBCT images (23 on the right side and 25 on the left side) into three groups according to Angle’s classification: class I (n=14), class II (n=29), and class III (n=5). For a distance of [0-1.5 mm] corresponded a surface of 0 mm2. For the interval between [1.5-2 mm] corresponded a surface of 18,8 mm2 for class I subjects, 16,6 mm2 for class II, and 30,5 mm2 for class III. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the articular spaces and the different types of occlusion. Conclusion: The three-dimensional evaluation of the condylar position by CBCT showed that there are no significant differences between the joint spaces and the different types of occlusion according to Angle’s classification. Keywords: condylar position; Angle classification; occlusion; CBCT

Practice of non-pharmaceutical interventions against COVID-19 and reduction of the risk of influenza-like illness: a cross-sectional population-based study

INTRODUCTION: While the widespread implementation of the non-pharmaceutical interventions was intended to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, such measures could be also effective in limiting the spread of other respiratory infections. This study aimed to examine the association between the implementation of personal protective measures and the occurrence of influenza-like illnesses (ILI) in the general population. METHODS: An online retrospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted in April 2021 to assess cases of ILI among Lebanese adults aged 18 years and above, from all Lebanese governorates during the 2020-2021 flu season. Data were collected using a convenience sampling method. In addition to their socio-demographic information, participants were asked about their frequency of implementing personal protective measures and if they have experienced symptoms of ILI in the previous 6 months. The overall score of the personal protective measures was computed. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the association between participants' level of adoption of personal protective measures against COVID-19 and the occurrence of ILI. RESULTS: Among the 1019 Lebanese adults participating in this study, 352 (34.54%) of them reported symptoms of ILI between October 2020 and March 2021. Lebanese adults who wore their facemasks frequently or always were less likely to suffer from symptoms of ILI than others who did not wear the mask (aOR = 0.452, 95% CI = 0.349-0.693, p < 0.001). Similarly, adults who adopt the following protective measures washing hands (aOR = 0.608, 95% CI = 0.524-0.922, p < 0.001), respecting cough etiquette (aOR = 0.763, 95% CI = 0.598-0.918, p < 0.001), disinfecting surface (aOR = 0.892, 95% CI = 0.632-0.911, p = 0.012), avoiding crowded places (aOR = 0.739, 95% CI = 0.688-0.903, p = 0.049), respecting physical distancing (aOR = 0.646, 95% CI = 0.482-0.833, p = 0.031) on a regular basis (frequently/always) were less likely to report symptoms of influenza-like illnesses when compared with those who did not adhere at all to these measures. CONCLUSION: Our study highlighted the potential of personal protective measures against COVID-19 in reducing the transmission of respiratory infections such as ILI. Such findings might be invested during influenza season, particularly among groups at high risk of developing severe complications. Exploring trends detected by the national severe acute respiratory infection surveillance system is recommended to confirm the utility of these measures

A macroelement based model for the seismic study of shallow foundations

Cette thèse vise à développer une méthode pour la justification des fondations superficielles sous charge sismique dans le cadre du nouveau zonage sismique de la France, entré en vigueur en 2011 et des justifications post Fukushima. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un contrat de recherche entre l’IFSTTAR et EDF CEIDRE.Un modèle basé sur le concept de macroélément est développé pour étudier l’interaction sol-structure (ISS) en prenant en compte les différentes non linéarités. Sa formulation se base sur la théorie de l’élastoplasticité et s’inspire des normes en vigueur (Eurocodes 7 et 8) et. Les différents paramètres sont définis à partir d’essais au laboratoire ou in situ, ou à partir de simulations numériques en conditions statiques. Les coûts de calcul sont réduits du fait que les non linéarités liées à l’interaction sol-structure sont concentrés en des points particuliers du modèle de calcul. L’avantage du macroélément réside dans une formulation en efforts et déplacements, ce qui facilite son utilisation pour la justification des fondations (capacité portante, glissement, décollement, tassements, translations, distorsions et rotations).Le macroélément est implémenté dans le code par éléments finis CESAR LCPC et permet de simuler le comportement statique et sismique d’une fondation superficielle. Trois approches pour la modélisation de la radiation des ondes sismiques dans le sol sont comparées en considérant des chargements statiques et sismiques.Ensuite, des études paramétriques sont réalisées sur une structure en mettant en jeu plusieurs signaux réels. L’influence des différents paramètres de nocivité sur le comportement de la structure est étudiée.Le comportement statique et sismique d’un ouvrage réel est aussi analysé. Il s’agit d’un bâtiment fondé sur un radier reposant sur un sol stratifié. L’aléa sismique est défini par 5 accélérogrames d’accélération maximale égale à 0.4g. Des justifications normatives sont menées en se basant sur les résultats des différentes simulations réaliséesThis PhD work concerns the elaboration of a method to verify the seismic sustainability of shallow foundations considering 2011 seismic zoning of France. It is a part of a research contract between EDF CEIDRE and IFSTTAR.To this end, a macroelement based model is developed in order to assess nonlinear soil structure interaction. The elastoplastic formulation of the macroelement constitutive model is compliant with the classical plasticity theory. The formulations for the plastic mechanisms are inspired from the applied standard (Eurocodes 7 & 8). The rate dependent response and the effects of the embedment and the soil inertia efforts are taken into account. The parameters for the constitutive model are defined from laboratory or field tests, or calibrated from static finite element method simulations. The calculation cost is significantly reduced due to the simplified modelling of the soil and its non linearities. Another advantage is that the macroelement based tool is formulated in terms of generalized variables (forces and displacements): this promotes its application in the verification of the sustainability of shallow foundations (bearing capacity, sliding, overturning, settlements, translations, rotations and distortions).The macroelement is implemented in the Finite Element software CESAR LCPC. It allows to simulate the static and the seismic behaviour of a shallow foundation. Three alternative approaches to assess SSI through this model are possible. These alternative approaches are explained and tested under static and seismic load.Then, it is used to perform parametric studies involving various input motions derived from earthquake recordings. The seismic response of a simple structure is studied with respect to the input motion key parameters.Finally, the static and seismic behaviour of a real structure is analysed. The structure is founded on a large raft foundation laying on a multi-layered soil. The seismic hazard is defined by five 0.4 g-PGA accelerograms. Verification to the applied standards is performed on the base of the simulation results, considering many features of the seismic behaviou

Développement d’un macroélément pour l’étude des fondations superficielles sous charge sismique

This PhD work concerns the elaboration of a method to verify the seismic sustainability of shallow foundations considering 2011 seismic zoning of France. It is a part of a research contract between EDF CEIDRE and IFSTTAR.To this end, a macroelement based model is developed in order to assess nonlinear soil structure interaction. The elastoplastic formulation of the macroelement constitutive model is compliant with the classical plasticity theory. The formulations for the plastic mechanisms are inspired from the applied standard (Eurocodes 7 & 8). The rate dependent response and the effects of the embedment and the soil inertia efforts are taken into account. The parameters for the constitutive model are defined from laboratory or field tests, or calibrated from static finite element method simulations. The calculation cost is significantly reduced due to the simplified modelling of the soil and its non linearities. Another advantage is that the macroelement based tool is formulated in terms of generalized variables (forces and displacements): this promotes its application in the verification of the sustainability of shallow foundations (bearing capacity, sliding, overturning, settlements, translations, rotations and distortions).The macroelement is implemented in the Finite Element software CESAR LCPC. It allows to simulate the static and the seismic behaviour of a shallow foundation. Three alternative approaches to assess SSI through this model are possible. These alternative approaches are explained and tested under static and seismic load.Then, it is used to perform parametric studies involving various input motions derived from earthquake recordings. The seismic response of a simple structure is studied with respect to the input motion key parameters.Finally, the static and seismic behaviour of a real structure is analysed. The structure is founded on a large raft foundation laying on a multi-layered soil. The seismic hazard is defined by five 0.4 g-PGA accelerograms. Verification to the applied standards is performed on the base of the simulation results, considering many features of the seismic behaviourCette thèse vise à développer une méthode pour la justification des fondations superficielles sous charge sismique dans le cadre du nouveau zonage sismique de la France, entré en vigueur en 2011 et des justifications post Fukushima. Elle s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un contrat de recherche entre l’IFSTTAR et EDF CEIDRE.Un modèle basé sur le concept de macroélément est développé pour étudier l’interaction sol-structure (ISS) en prenant en compte les différentes non linéarités. Sa formulation se base sur la théorie de l’élastoplasticité et s’inspire des normes en vigueur (Eurocodes 7 et 8) et. Les différents paramètres sont définis à partir d’essais au laboratoire ou in situ, ou à partir de simulations numériques en conditions statiques. Les coûts de calcul sont réduits du fait que les non linéarités liées à l’interaction sol-structure sont concentrés en des points particuliers du modèle de calcul. L’avantage du macroélément réside dans une formulation en efforts et déplacements, ce qui facilite son utilisation pour la justification des fondations (capacité portante, glissement, décollement, tassements, translations, distorsions et rotations).Le macroélément est implémenté dans le code par éléments finis CESAR LCPC et permet de simuler le comportement statique et sismique d’une fondation superficielle. Trois approches pour la modélisation de la radiation des ondes sismiques dans le sol sont comparées en considérant des chargements statiques et sismiques.Ensuite, des études paramétriques sont réalisées sur une structure en mettant en jeu plusieurs signaux réels. L’influence des différents paramètres de nocivité sur le comportement de la structure est étudiée.Le comportement statique et sismique d’un ouvrage réel est aussi analysé. Il s’agit d’un bâtiment fondé sur un radier reposant sur un sol stratifié. L’aléa sismique est défini par 5 accélérogrames d’accélération maximale égale à 0.4g. Des justifications normatives sont menées en se basant sur les résultats des différentes simulations réalisée

Diagnosis of Electrical Failures in Logic Systems

Les dernières technologies comme la 65nm, 45nm et la nouvelle technologie 32nm qui sera disponible à la fin de 2010, permettent la production de circuits de plus en plus complexes avec des performances très élevées. Ces nouvelles technologies imposent donc de nouveaux challenges pour la conception de circuits, mais également pour les méthodologies de test de fabrication et de diagnostic. De ce point de vue, les défaillances observées dans ces technologies ne peuvent pas être modélisées par des fautes classiques de collage. Les fautes de délai, de court-circuit, de circuit ouvert, etc. doivent également être prises en compte. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une méthode de diagnostic logique capable à la fois de traiter un ensemble complet de modèles de fautes et de fournir une localisation fiable et précise des défaillances dans un système sur puce. Ce manuscrit est organisé comme suit. Dans la première partie, les modèles de faute existants sont analysés afin de montrer les conditions de sensibilisation de chacun d'eux. La deuxième partie présente une méthode de diagnostic logique basée sur une approche « Effet-à-Cause». La dernière partie propose une nouvelle technique de diagnostic basée sur une approche « Cause-à-Effet » et permettant de traiter les circuits séquentiels. Les deux approches de diagnostic proposées exploitent les conditions de sensibilisations afin de cibler un ensemble élargi de modèles de fautes durant le processus de diagnostic. Les deux techniques sont validées sur un ensemble important de circuits benchmark et sur des systèmes sur puce fournis par la société STMicroelectronics.Latest technologies like 65nm, 45nm and the next 32nm technology available at the end of 2010, allow the production of more and more complex and vey high performance circuits. These technologies lead to face with new challenges related to design, test and diagnosis. From this perspective, failures observed in these recent technologies can no longer be modeled by the classical stuck-at fault model. Delay faults, short-circuits, opens, etc. have also to be considered. In this context, the purpose of this thesis has been to develop a logic diagnosis approach able to deal with many types of faults as well as providing an accurate and reliable localization of failures in a system on chip. This manuscript is organized as follows. In the first part, existing fault models are analyzed in order to show the sensitization conditions related to each of them. The second part presents a logic diagnosis method based on the 'Effect-Cause' paradigm. The last part proposes another diagnosis technique based on the 'Cause-Effect' paradigm to deal with sequential circuits. The two proposed diagnosis approaches exploit the sensitization conditions in order to be able to consider a large set of fault models during the diagnosis process. Both techniques have been validated on a large set of benchmark circuits and on System-On-Chips provided by STMicroelectronics

Effect of glutamine supplementation on serum LPS and pro-inflammatory cytokines in overweight and obese individuals

Orientador: Patrícia de Oliveira PradaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências AplicadasResumo: A obesidade tornou-se um dos maiores problemas de saúde publica no mundo. Nas ultimas décadas, estudos têm demonstrado que a obesidade produz um estado de inflamação crônica subclínica e resistência à insulina em vários tecidos. Indivíduos obesos podem apresentar elevados níveis séricos de LPS e esta condição está associada à resistência à insulina e ao aumento na expressão de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e consequentemente na inflamação subclínica associada à obesidade. Neste contexto, a ação da glutamina tem despertado interesse por melhorar a resistência à insulina em tecidos periféricos através redução da expressão de marcadores inflamatórios nestes tecidos. Entretanto, ainda não foi bem elucidado se a suplementação oral de glutamina pode intervir nestas condições. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi de investigar se a suplementação oral com glutamina influencia o estado nutricional de indivíduos sobrepeso e obesos e também os níveis de LPS e citocinas pró-inflamatórias. No nosso estudo, a suplementação com glutamina não demonstrou reduzir significativamente os níveis séricos de LPS, no entanto, houve redução da citocina próinflamatória TNF-'alfa', dos níveis séricos de insulina de jejum, bem como da circunferência da cintura. Assim, a suplementação com GLN em indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesos pode ser benéfica para reduzir a adiposidade e melhorar a inflamação subclínica associada ao aumento do peso corpóreo. A suplementação com GLN em indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesos também melhora o quadro de resistência à insulina. Neste sentido, sua suplementação, pelo menos em curto prazo, pode ser recomendada para a melhora do metabolismo energéticoAbstract: Obesity has become a major public health problem. In the last decades studies shown that it can induce low-grade chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in tissues. Obese individuals can have elevated lipopolissacharides (LPS) serum levels and this condition is associated to insulin resistance and the increased inflammatory cytokine expression. In this context, Glutamine actions has been studied for its role in insulin resistance in peripheral tissues decreasing of inflammatory markers expression. Although, it's still not clear if oral glutamine supplementation can change these conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate whether oral glutamine supplementation can influence in the nutritional state of overweight and obese individuals and also in LPS serum levels and proinflammatory citokines In our study, glutamine doesn¿t demonstrate to significantly reduce LPS serum levels, although TNF-'alfa', fasting insulin and waist circumference was decreased after supplementation. Finally, supplementation with glutamine in overweight and obese individuals can show benefits reducing adiposity and improve low-grade chronic inflammation. It can also improve insulin resistance. Is this sense, GLN supplementation can be recommended in short term to improve energy metabolismMestradoNutriçãoMestra em Ciências da Nutrição e do Esporte e Metabolism

Diagnostic de pannes électriques dans les systèmes logiques

Les dernières technologies comme la 65nm, 45nm et la nouvelle technologie 32nm qui sera disponible à la fin de 2010, permettent la production de circuits de plus en plus complexes avec des performances très élevées. Ces nouvelles technologies imposent donc de nouveaux challenges pour la conception de circuits, mais également pour les méthodologies de test de fabrication et de diagnostic. De ce point de vue, les défaillances observées dans ces technologies ne peuvent pas être modélisées par des fautes classiques de collage. Les fautes de délai, de court-circuit, de circuit ouvert, etc. doivent également être prises en compte. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une méthode de diagnostic logique capable à la fois de traiter un ensemble complet de modèles de fautes et de fournir une localisation fiable et précise des défaillances dans un système sur puce. Ce manuscrit est organisé comme suit. Dans la première partie, les modèles de faute existants sont analysés afin de montrer les conditions de sensibilisation de chacun d'eux. La deuxième partie présente une méthode de diagnostic logique basée sur une approche Effet-à-Cause . La dernière partie propose une nouvelle technique de diagnostic basée sur une approche Cause-à-Effet et permettant de traiter les circuits séquentiels. Les deux approches de diagnostic proposées exploitent les conditions de sensibilisations afin de cibler un ensemble élargi de modèles de fautes durant le processus de diagnostic. Les deux techniques sont validées sur un ensemble important de circuits benchmark et sur des systèmes sur puce fournis par la société STMicroelectronics.Latest technologies like 65nm, 45nm and the next 32nm technology available at the end of 2010, allow the production of more and more complex and vey high performance circuits. These technologies lead to face with new challenges related to design, test and diagnosis. From this perspective, failures observed in these recent technologies can no longer be modeled by the classical stuck-at fault model. Delay faults, short-circuits, opens, etc. have also to be considered. In this context, the purpose of this thesis has been to develop a logic diagnosis approach able to deal with many types of faults as well as providing an accurate and reliable localization of failures in a system on chip. This manuscript is organized as follows. In the first part, existing fault models are analyzed in order to show the sensitization conditions related to each of them. The second part presents a logic diagnosis method based on the 'Effect-Cause' paradigm. The last part proposes another diagnosis technique based on the 'Cause-Effect' paradigm to deal with sequential circuits. The two proposed diagnosis approaches exploit the sensitization conditions in order to be able to consider a large set of fault models during the diagnosis process. Both techniques have been validated on a large set of benchmark circuits and on System-On-Chips provided by STMicroelectronics.MONTPELLIER-BU Sciences (341722106) / SudocSudocFranceF

J Pharm Policy Pract

The non-endemic multicountry outbreak of monkeypox (MPX) has emphasized the issue of conspiracy theories that go viral in times of societal crisis. Now, it is the turn of MPX to join COVID-19 in the conspiracy theory realm. Social media outlets were flooded by a scourge of misinformation as soon as MPX cases began to appear with an evident cross-pollination between diverse conspiracy theories. Given the adverse consequences of conspiracy beliefs, this study aimed to assess the extent of endorsement of MPX conspiracy beliefs among the Lebanese population and to identify its associated factors. Using a convenience sampling technique, a web-based cross section was conducted among Lebanese adults. Data were collected using an Arabic self-reported questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify the factors associated with the MPX conspiracy beliefs scale. Conspiracy beliefs regarding emerging viruses including MPX were detected among 59.1% of Lebanese adults. Participants endorsed particularly the conspiracy theories linking the virus to a deliberate attempt to reduce the size of the global population (59.6%), gain political control (56.6%) or pharmaceutical companies' financial gain (39.3%), in addition to the manmade origin of MPX (47.5%). Remarkably, the majority of surveyed adults exhibited a negative attitude toward the government's preparedness for a potential MPX outbreak. However, a positive attitude was revealed toward the effectiveness of precautionary measures (69.6%). Female participants and those having a good health status were less likely to exhibit a higher level of conspiracy beliefs. On the contrary, divorced or widowed adults, those having a low economic situation, poor knowledge level, and negative attitude either toward the government or precautionary measures were more prone to disclose a higher level of conspiracy beliefs. Notably, participants relying on social media to get information about MPX were also more likely to have a higher level of conspiracy beliefs compared to their counterparts. The widespread extent of conspiracy beliefs endorsement regarding MPX among the Lebanese population urged the policymakers to find ways to reduce people's reliance on these theories. Future studies exploring the harmful impacts of conspiracy beliefs on health behaviors are recommended

J Pharm Policy Pract

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has harshly burdened the healthcare systems. Health care workers (HCWs) are at substantial risk of infection and confronted several stressors as well leading them to experience burnout. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of burnout among Lebanese health HCWs and to identify its associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between the first of November and the end of December 2020 among Lebanese HCWs working in all active hospitals operating across the country. Data were collected using an Arabic, anonymous, self-reported questionnaire comprising four sections: (a) basic sociodemographic characteristics, (b) exposure to COVID-19 covariates, (c) occupational factors, and (d) the measurements including the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI). CBI subscale cut-off score of 50 was used to assess the prevalence of burnout among HCWs. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the factors associated with the different aspects of burnout. RESULTS: Out of the 1751 respondents, personal burnout (PB) was detected in its moderate and high-level aspects among 86.3% of Lebanese HCWs. Moderate and high levels of work-related burnout (WB), and client-related burnout (CB) hit 79.2% and 83.3% of HCWs, respectively. HCWs who were females, married, physicians, having a poor health status and specific living conditions (dependent child, elderly at home, family member with comorbidities, and a low income) were more likely to exhibit a high level of PB compared to no/low burnout level. Moreover, frontline HCWs, those infected by COVID-19 or those having a colleague infected by COVID-19, and those exhibiting a high perception of threat were more prone to experience a high-level PB rather than a low/no burnout. Working in a public hospital, extensive working hours, and insufficient sleeping hours were also found positively associated with high PB. However, older age and altruism were negatively associated with high PB compared to no/low PB among HCWs. As for WB, similar factors were found either positively or negatively associated with a high level of WB except health status and living conditions factors (dependent child or family member). As for CB, older age of HCWs (> 30 years) and altruism were negatively associated with high CB compared to no/low burnout level. However, working in the frontline, high threat perception, extensive working hours, insufficient sleeping hours, and low income were positively associated with high CB among HCWs compared to no/low burnout. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of burnout among Lebanese HCWs during the pandemic was significant and alarming. Enacting and implementing preventive policies and effective interventions are urgently needed to cultivate wellness among HCWs