The effects of cultured dairy and nondairy products added to breakfast cereals on blood glucose control, satiation, satiety, and short-term food intake in young women

Breakfast cereals are often consumed with dairy products or nondairy alternatives; however, the effect of the combination on blood glucose and food intake control is not well investigated. In a randomized, crossover study, 24 healthy women (age: 22.7 ± 2.5 years; body mass index: 22.1 ± 1.5 kg/m2) consumed, to satiation, 1 of 3 treatments: Greek yogurt with granola (150 kcal, 9.2 g protein, 2.6 g fat, 2.0 g dietary fibre, and 21.5 g available carbohydrate/100 g); cultured coconut product with granola (146 kcal, 3.2 g protein, 3.2 g fat, 5.6 g dietary fibre, and 21.9 g available carbohydrate/100 g); or water control. The data were analyzed with repeated-measures ANOVA. The 2 h blood glucose iAUC was 52% lower after the dairy compared with nondairy treatment (P < 0.0001). While there were no differences in food intake between the caloric treatments consumed to satiation, protein intake was 3 times higher and fibre intake was 4 times lower after the dairy compared with nondairy treatment. Both caloric treatments resulted in similar suppression of ad libitum food intake at 2 h (P < 0.003) and subjective appetite over 2 h (P < 0.0001) compared with water. The cumulative food intake over 2 h was lower after water (P < 0.05). The 1.8-fold increase in postprandial insulin after dairy compared with nondairy treatment may explain the reduction in blood glucose without an increase in subsequent energy intake. Novelty - Blood glucose in young females is lower after a breakfast with granola in a high-protein cultured dairy than when in a high-fibre nondairy cultured product. - Subjective appetite over 2 h and food intake 2 h later was similarly lower after both breakfasts but cumulative intake was higher compared with breakfast skipping.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

A targeted deletion/insertion in the mouse Pcsk1 locus is associated with homozygous embryo preimplantation lethality, mutant allele preferential transmission and heterozygous female susceptibility to dietary fat

AbstractProprotein convertase 1 (PC1) is a neuroendocrine proteinase involved in the proteolytic activation of precursors to hormones and neuropeptides. To determine the physiological importance of PC1, we produced a mutant mouse from embryonic stem cells in which its locus (Pcsk1) had been inactivated by homologous recombination. The inactivating mutation consisted of a 32.7-kb internal deletion and a 1.8 kb insertion of the bacterial neomycin resistance gene (neo) under the mouse phosphoglycerate kinase 1 protein (PGKneo). Intercross of Pcsk1+/− mice produced no Pcsk1−/− offspring or blastocysts; in addition, more than 80% of the offspring were Pcsk1+/−. These observations suggested that the mutation caused preimplantation lethality of homozygous embryos and preferential transmission of the mutant allele. Interestingly, RT–PCR analysis on RNA from endocrine tissues from Pcsk1+/− mice revealed the presence of aberrant transcripts specifying the N-terminal half of the PC1 propeptide fused to neo gene product. Mass spectrometric profiles of proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides in the anterior pituitary were similar between Pcsk1+/− and Pcsk1+/+ mice, but significantly different between male and female mice of the same genotype. Relative to their wild-type counterparts, female mutant mice exhibited stunted growth under a low fat diet, and catch-up growth under a high-fat diet. The complex phenotype exhibited by this Pcsk1 mutant mouse model may be due to PC1 deficiency aggravated by expression of aberrant gene products from the mutant allele

Effect of dairy and non-dairy snacks on postprandial blood glucose regulation in 9-14 year old children

In adults, dairy consumption improves short-term blood glucose regulation. It is unknown if these short-term benefits extend to children of different weight statuses. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a dairy and nondairy snack in both normal-weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OW/OB) children on blood glucose regulation and food intake (FI). In a repeated-measures crossover design, 11 NW and 7 OW/OB children (age: 9–14 years), consumed, in random order, a dairy (Greek yogurt, 198.9 g, 171 kcal, 0 g fat, 17 g protein) or nondairy (mini sandwich-type cookies, 37.5 g, 175 kcal, 7.5 g fat, 1.3 g protein) snack containing 25 g of available carbohydrates. Ad libitum FI was measured 120 min after snack consumption. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were measured at 0 min (before the snack), and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption. Insulin secretion was calculated from deconvolution of C-peptide. Hepatic insulin extraction was calculated as C-peptide divided by insulin. FI did not differ between snacks (P = 0.55). Mean blood glucose was lower (P < 0.001) and insulin higher (P < 0.0001) in the 120 min after consuming the dairy snack. C-Peptide concentrations (P = 0.75) and insulin secretion (P = 0.37) were not different between snacks. The increase in insulin was explained by reduced hepatic insulin extraction (P < 0.01). Consumption of the dairy snack also increased mean GLP-1 concentrations (P < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of a dairy snack by NW and OW/OB children results in reduced postprandial blood glucose concentrations and elevated circulating insulin compared with a nondairy snack possibly because of delayed hepatic insulin extraction.The accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author

The effect of dairy products and non-dairy snacks on food intake, subjective appetite and cortisol levels in children: A randomized control study.

Dairy snacks are available in various physical forms and their consumption is linked to improved metabolic health. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dairy snacks of different physical forms on short-term food intake (FI), subjective appetite, and the stress hormone, cortisol, in children. Following a repeated-measures crossover design, 40 children aged 9-14 y randomly consumed one of five isoenergetic (180 kcal) snacks per study session. These snacks included solid: potato chips, cookies, and cheese, semi-solid: Greek yogurt, and fluid: 2% fat milk snacks. FI was measured 120 min after snack consumption. Subjective appetite was measured at 0 (immediately before the snack), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min. Salivary cortisol (n=18) was measured after the Greek yogurt and cookie snacks at 0 , 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. FI did not differ between snacks (P=0.15). The Greek yogurt (PThe accepted manuscript in pdf format is listed with the files at the bottom of this page. The presentation of the authors' names and (or) special characters in the title of the manuscript may differ slightly between what is listed on this page and what is listed in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript; that in the pdf file of the accepted manuscript is what was submitted by the author