Nutritional and Bioactive Components of Pomegranate Waste Used in Food and Cosmetic Applications: A Review

Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is a fruit that is rich in bioactive compounds that has a biowaste (rind and seed) with the potential to be converted into value-added products in a wide variety of applications. Recent studies have demonstrated the potent antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of using pomegranate rind and seed as natural food additives, thus making researchers incorporate them into bioplastics and edible coatings for food packaging. Additionally, these components have shown great plasticizing effects on packaging materials while extending the shelf life of food through active packaging. Even within skin health applications, pomegranate seed oil and its bioactive compounds have been particularly effective in combating UV-induced stresses on animal skin and in-vitro models, where cells and microorganisms are separated from the whole organism. They have also aided in healing wounds and have shown major anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-bacterial properties. This review highlights all of the relevant and recent food and skin health applications found in the value-added conversion of pomegranate biowaste. The lack of research in particular areas and future outlook are also discussed

Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) of Catechin and Its Derivatives

Catechin is a flavonoid naturally present in numerous dietary products and fruits (e.g., apples, berries, grape seeds, kiwis, green tea, red wine, etc.) and has previously been shown to be an antioxidant and beneficial for the gut microbiome. To further enhance the health benefits, bioavailability, and stability of catechin, we synthesized and characterized catechin pentaacetate and catechin pentabutanoate as two new ester derivatives of catechin. Catechin and its derivatives were assessed in vivo via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); (2) deionized H2O (control); (3) Tween (0.004 mg/mL dose); (4) inulin (50 mg/mL dose); (5) Catechin (6.2 mg/mL dose); (6) Catechin pentaacetate (10 mg/mL dose); and (7) Catechin pentabutanoate (12.8 mg/mL dose). The effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Compared to the controls, our results demonstrated a significant (p Clostridium genera and E. coli species density with catechin and its synthetic derivative exposure. Furthermore, catechin and its derivatives decreased iron and zinc transporter (Ferroportin and ZnT1, respectively) gene expression in the duodenum compared to the controls. In conclusion, catechin and its synthetic derivatives have the potential to improve intestinal morphology and functionality and positively modulate the microbiome

A Comparative Study of QSPR Generalized Activity Coefficient Model Parameters for Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Mixtures

Generalized activity coefficient models are often essential for predicting the extent of liquid nonideality in a mixture in the absence of experimental data. This work is focused on generalizing the interaction parameters of three widely used activity coefficient models, nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL), universal quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC), and Wilson. Specifically, we applied a theory-framed quantitative structure–property relationship (TF-QSPR) modeling approach for the purpose of generalization. In this modeling approach, theoretical frameworks, such as the NRTL model, are used to describe the phase behavior properties, and QSPR methodology is used to generalize the binary interaction parameters of the models. In this study, a binary VLE database consisting of 916 systems was compiled and employed to develop the QSPR models. Interaction parameters of the NRTL, UNIQUAC, and Wilson models were determined by performing data regression analyses. QSPR models were developed to predict the interaction parameters found in the regression analyses. The structural descriptors of the molecules were used as inputs in the QSPR models. The phase equilibria properties estimated using the generalized QSPR models resulted in about 2 times the error as compared to the results found in the data regression analyses. Overall, the quality of property predictions from the QSPR models is comparable to those of the UNIFAC-2006 group-contribution model when all of its group-interaction parameters are available; however, the UNIFAC model produced worse predictions when such parameters are lacking. Thus, our methodology offers a viable complement when UNIFAC parameters are missing

Alterations in Intestinal Brush Border Membrane Functionality and Bacterial Populations Following Intra-Amniotic Administration (<i>Gallus gallus</i>) of Nicotinamide Riboside and Its Derivatives

Nicotinamide riboside (NR) acts as a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) precursor where NR supplementation has previously been shown to be beneficial. Thus, we synthesized and characterized nicotinamide riboside tributyrate chloride (NRTBCl, water-soluble) and nicotinamide riboside trioleate chloride (NRTOCl, oil-soluble) as two new ester derivatives of nicotinamide riboside chloride (NRCl). NRCl and its derivatives were assessed in vivo, via intra-amniotic administration (Gallus gallus), with the following treatment groups: (1) non-injected (control); and injection of (2) deionized H2O (control); (3) NRCl (30 mg/mL dose); (4) NRTBCl (30 mg/mL dose); and (5) NRTOCl (30 mg/mL dose). Post-intervention, the effects on physiological markers associated with brush border membrane morphology, intestinal bacterial populations, and duodenal gene expression of key proteins were investigated. Although no significant changes were observed in average body weights, NRTBCl exposure increased average cecum weight. NR treatment significantly increased Clostridium and NRCl treatment resulted in increased populations of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and E. coli. Duodenal gene expression analysis revealed that NRCl, NRTBCl, and NRTOCl treatments upregulated the expression of ZnT1, MUC2, and IL6 compared to the controls, suggesting alterations in brush border membrane functionality. The administration of NRCl and its derivatives appears to trigger increased expression of brush border membrane digestive proteins, with added effects on the composition and function of cecal microbial populations. Additional research is now warranted to further elucidate the effects on inflammatory biomarkers and observe changes in the specific intestinal bacterial populations post introduction of NR and its derivatives

Application of Modified NRTL Models for Binary LLE Phase Characterization

Phase characterization of liquid–liquid mixtures is required in numerous chemical process calculations. The original nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) model is used widely in describing liquid–liquid equilibria (LLE). Application of this model, however, is affected by (a) lack of reliable parameters, (b) a wide range of acceptable parameter values, and (c) highly correlated parameters. Recent modifications of the NRTL model, the two-parameter modified NRTL, “mNRTL2”, and the one-parameter NRTL, “mNRTL1”, address these issues and show promising results for characterizing LLE systems. The accuracy of these two modifications was tested in our previous studies using a comprehensive vapor–liquid equilibria (VLE) experimental database and a representative LLE database. In the current study, the efficacy of these modified NRTL models is assessed for the proper characterization of LLE phase conditions and attributes, including phase stability, miscibility, and consolute point coordinates. For the systems considered, the modified NRTL models produce acceptable LLE characterization results in comparison to those of the original NRTL; albeit, the results from the mNRTL2 model are more precise than those of the mNRTL1 model

Representation and Prediction of Vapor–Liquid Equilibrium Using the Peng–Robinson Equation of State and UNIQUAC Activity Coefficient Model

Many important processes in the oil and gas industry (e.g., distillation, absorption, extraction) involve contact between liquid and vapor phases. The reliable design of these industrial processes requires accurate thermodynamic models to describe the vapor–liquid equilibrium (VLE) of the mixtures of interest. Two common approaches, γ–ϕ and ϕ–ϕ, are utilized to describe such VLE behavior. In this study, we present a comprehensive assessment of the representation and predictive capability of these two approaches, utilizing the UNIQUAC model to determine the activity coefficients and the Peng–Robinson (PR) equation of state to calculate the fugacity coefficients. The assessment was completed using a diverse binary VLE database consisting of 916 binary systems involving 140 compounds belonging to 31 chemical classes. Both the overall results and the results categorized for highly nonideal systems and for aqueous systems are presented within the context of internal and external consistency tests. Specifically, regressed and generalized parameters are utilized in internal and external consistency tests, respectively. Further, the phase behavior of sample systems was analyzed using Danner’s molecular classification method based on the mNRTL1 parameter and <i>G</i>^E<i>/<i>RT</i></i> values. For the systems considered, the regression results show that the γ–ϕ approach represents the VLE behavior more precisely compared to the ϕ–ϕ approach. The overall results using the γ–ϕ approach exhibit an absolute average deviation (% AAD) of 1.6, 0.1, 4.5, and 5.7 for the pressure, temperature, mole fraction, and equilibrium constant (<i>K</i>), respectively. The ϕ–ϕ approach regression results are within 3 times the error of the γ–ϕ approach. A similar trend was observed for the quantitative structure–property relationship generalized predictions. The γ–ϕ approach predicts the VLE behavior more accurately compared to the ϕ–ϕ approach. The overall results based on the γ–ϕ approach exhibit % AADs of 5.1, 0.4, 5.9, and 8.1 for the pressure, temperature, mole fraction, and <i>K</i>, respectively. The ϕ–ϕ approach generalized predictions are within 2 times the error obtained from the γ–ϕ approach. The results of Danner’s molecular classification of the phase behavior indicated that systems with similar components are more likely to produce nearly ideal mixture behavior and systems involving dissimilar components are more likely to produce nonideal mixture behavior. Further, the quality of the representations for the ϕ–ϕ approach are generally good for most system classifications with the exception of adequate or poor fits observed for strongly polar–strongly polar and aqueous–strongly polar systems