Homotopic connectivity in drug-naive, first-episode, early-onset schizophrenia

BackgroundThe disconnection hypothesis of schizophrenia has been extensively tested in adults. Recent studies have reported the presence of brain disconnection in younger patients, adding evidence to support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia. Because of drug confounds in chronic and medicated patients, it has been extremely challenging for researchers to directly investigate abnormalities in the development of connectivity and their role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study aimed to examine functional homotopy - a measure of interhemispheric connection - and its relevance to clinical symptoms in first-episode drug-naive early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) patients.</p

Large Language Models Empowered Agent-based Modeling and Simulation: A Survey and Perspectives

Agent-based modeling and simulation has evolved as a powerful tool for modeling complex systems, offering insights into emergent behaviors and interactions among diverse agents. Integrating large language models into agent-based modeling and simulation presents a promising avenue for enhancing simulation capabilities. This paper surveys the landscape of utilizing large language models in agent-based modeling and simulation, examining their challenges and promising future directions. In this survey, since this is an interdisciplinary field, we first introduce the background of agent-based modeling and simulation and large language model-empowered agents. We then discuss the motivation for applying large language models to agent-based simulation and systematically analyze the challenges in environment perception, human alignment, action generation, and evaluation. Most importantly, we provide a comprehensive overview of the recent works of large language model-empowered agent-based modeling and simulation in multiple scenarios, which can be divided into four domains: cyber, physical, social, and hybrid, covering simulation of both real-world and virtual environments. Finally, since this area is new and quickly evolving, we discuss the open problems and promising future directions.Comment: 37 page

Multi-Host Model-Based Identification of \u3ci\u3eArmillifer agkistrodontis\u3c/i\u3e (Pentastomida), a New Zoonotic Parasite from China

Background: Pentastomiasis is a rare parasitic infection of humans. Pentastomids are dioecious obligate parasites requiring multiple hosts to complete their life cycle. Despite their worm-like appearance, they are commonly placed into a separate sub-class of the subphylum Crustacea, phylum Arthropoda. However, their systematic position is not uncontested and historically, they have been considered as a separate phylum. Methodology/Principal Findings: An appraisal of Armillifer agkistrodontis was performed in terms of morphology and genetic identification after its lifecycle had been established in a multi-host model, that is, mice and rats as intermediate hosts, and snakes (Agkistrodon acutus and Python molurus) as definitive hosts. Different stages of the parasite, including eggs, larvae and adults, were isolated and examined morphologically using light and electron microscopes. Phylogenetic and cluster analysis were also undertaken, focusing on the 18S rRNA and the Cox1 gene. The time for lifecycle completion was about 14 months, including 4 months for the development of eggs to infectious larvae in the intermediate host and 10 months for infectious larvae to mature in the final host. The main morphological difference between A. armillatus and Linguatula serrata is the number of abdominal annuli. Based on the 18S rRNA sequence, the shortest hereditary distance was found between A. agkistrodontis and Raillietiella spp. The highest degree of homology in the Cox 1 nucleic acid sequences and predicted amino acid sequences was found between A. agkistrodontis and A. armillatus. Conclusion: This is the first time that a multi-host model of the entire lifecycle of A. agkistrodontis has been established. Morphologic and genetic analyses supported the notion that pentastomids should be placed into the phylum Arthropoda

Multi-host Model-Based Identification of Armillifer agkistrodontis (Pentastomida), a New Zoonotic Parasite from China

Little information is currently available on the lifecycle and morphology of pentastomids, a new zoonotic parasite in China. The lifecycle of Armillifer agkistrodontis was established in multiple hosts, i.e., an intermediate host and a definitive host, and the parasite examined in terms of morphology and genetic relationship with other species. The time required for the completion of an entire lifecycle was about 14 months. The main morphological difference between A. armillatus and L. serrata is the number of abdominal annuli. The genetic data supported the notion that pentastomids belong to the phylum Arthropoda. Based on the 18S rRNA sequence, the shortest hereditary distance was found between A. agkistrodontis and Raillietiella spp. The highest similarity in the Cox 1 nucleic acid sequences was found between A. agkistrodontis and A. armillatus. The established multi-host model provides a possible approach to confirm suspected infections and offers an opportunity to further study this parasite

Surface-Based Regional Homogeneity in First-Episode, Drug-Naive Major Depression: A Resting-State fMRI Study

Background. Previous volume-based regional homogeneity (ReHo) studies neglected the intersubject variability in cortical folding patterns. Recently, surface-based ReHo was developed to reduce the intersubject variability and to increase statistical power. The present study used this novel surface-based ReHo approach to explore the brain functional activity differences between first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients and healthy controls. Methods. Thirty-three first-episode, drug-naive MDD patients and 32 healthy controls participated in structural and resting-state fMRI scans. MDD patients were rated with a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression prior to the scan. Results. In comparison with the healthy controls, MDD patients showed reduced surface-based ReHo in the left insula. There was no increase in surface-based ReHo in MDD patients. The surface-based ReHo value in the left insula was not significantly correlated with the clinical information or the depressive scores in the MDD group. Conclusions. The decreased surface-based ReHo in the left insula in MDD may lead to the abnormal top-down cortical-limbic regulation of emotional and cognitive information. The surface-based ReHo may be a useful index to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of MDD.</p

Poly[μ3-hydroxido-μ-(pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxyl­ato)-dilead(II)]

The asymmetric unit of the title coordination polymer, [Pb2(C8H2NO6)(OH)]n, contains two crystallographically independent PbII ions, one pyridine-2,4,6-tricarboxyl­ate (ptc) trianion and one hydroxide anion. One of the PbII atoms is coordinated by one pyridine N and four carboxyl­ate O atoms from the ptc trianion and a hydroxide O atom in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. The other PbII atom is five-coordinated by three carboxyl­ate O atoms and two hydroxide O atoms in a distorted tetra­gonal–pyramidal geometry. Four neighbouring PbII atoms are bridged through two μ3-hydroxide ligands, forming the centrosymmetric Pb4(OH)2 core. The three-dimensional structure is further achieved through bridging carboxyl­ate groups. There are also O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds between the hydroxide ligand and the carboxyl­ate group

Physics perspectives of heavy-ion collisions at very high energy

Heavy-ion collisions at very high colliding energies are expected to produce a quark-gluon plasma (QGP) at the highest temperature obtainable in a laboratory setting. Experimental studies of these reactions can provide an unprecedented range of information on properties of the QGP at high temperatures. We report theoretical investigations of the physics perspectives of heavy-ion collisions at a future high-energy collider. These include initial parton production, collective expansion of the dense medium, jet quenching, heavy-quark transport, dissociation and regeneration of quarkonia, photon and dilepton production. We illustrate the potential of future experimental studies of the initial particle production and formation of QGP at the highest temperature to provide constraints on properties of strongly interaction matter.Comment: 35 pages in Latex, 29 figure

Delivery of Protein Kinase A by CRISPRMAX and Its Effects on Breast Cancer Stem-Like Properties

Protein kinase A (PKA) activation has recently been reported to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell (CSC) ability, which is considered to be responsible for chemoresistance and tumor recurrence in patients. While current studies mainly focus on gene manipulation of the EMT process, the direct delivery of PKA enzymes to cancer cells has never been investigated. Here, we utilize the commercial Lipofectamine CRISPRMAX reagent to directly deliver PKAs to breast cancer cells and evaluate its effects on EMT regulation. We optimized the delivery parameters with fluorescent-labeled bovine serum albumin, and successfully delivered fluorescent PKAs through CRISPRMAX into breast cancer cells. Then, we evaluated the biological effects by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, mammosphere assay, and chemoresistance assay. Our data showed the expression of EMT-related markers, alpha-smooth muscle actin and N-cadherin, was downregulated after CRISPRMAX-PKA treatment. Although the CD44(+)/CD24(-) population did not change considerably, the size of mammospheres significantly decreased. In paclitaxel and doxorubicin chemoresistance assays, we noticed PKA delivery significantly inhibited paclitaxel resistance rather than doxorubicin resistance. Taken together, these results suggest our direct enzyme delivery can be a potential strategy for inhibiting EMT/CSC-associated traits, providing a safer approach and having more clinical translational efficacy than gene manipulation. This strategy will also facilitate the direct testing of other target enzymes/proteins on their biological functions