The Micro-Changes of Fly Ash in the Utilization of “Dip in One Acid Twice/Unite Two Kinds of Alkalis”

Determined the new technology of element leaching in fly ash’s utilization---- “dip in one acid twice/unite two kinds of alkalis” through comparison tests, the technique consist of four phases: acid leaching、alkali dissolution, calcination and second acid leaching, the maximum fine utilization rates of silicon, aluminum, iron are respectively 97.07%, 86.67%, 96.54%, the total utilization rate is 100%. Analyzed the micro-changes of fly ash in the utilization process by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, the results show that: (1)there are mineral changes exist in acid leaching process, and some amorphous active substance is dissolved, it destroy the surface structure of fly ash, conducive to the conduct of following response; (2)after alkali leaching, most of the amorphous SiO2 is dissolved, crystalline SiO2 (quartz) has not changed; (3)after calcination with sodium carbonate, all the mine phases are transformed into nepheline and a small amount of pyroxene which are layer (film) structure , except a small amount of residual quartz crystal;(4)after the second acid leaching, the fly ash is transformed into silica II which mainly constitute by the amorphous SiO2.特集 : 「資源、新エネルギー、環境、防災研究国際セミナー

Third-order nonlinearity in Ge–Sb–Se glasses at mid-infrared wavelengths

International audienceThe optical properties of Ge–Sb–Se glasses have been extensively studied at telecom wavelengths in recent years. However, the understanding of nonlinearity in Ge–Sb–Se glasses at mid-infrared wavelengths still remains limited. In this work, a series of Ge20SbxSe80−x (x = 0, 5, 10) glasses were prepared by conventional melt–quenching method. The absorption spectra and the refractive index of glasses were recorded. The third order nonlinearity, n2, and nonlinear absorption coefficient were measured for Ge–Sb–Se glass samples at the wavelengths of 1550, 2000 and 2500 nm by Z-scan technique, respectively. With the increasing of Sb contents, the linear refractive index of glass increased. Among the three operating wavelengths, all the three glass samples have a highest n2 at 2000 nm. By using the figure of merit (FOM) to evaluate the studied three glasses, the Ge20Sb10Se70 glass shows the greatest potential for mid-IR all optical switching device

Chemical synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides containing N3- and O4-carboxymethylthymidine and their formation in DNA

Humans are exposed to N-nitroso compounds from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Many N-nitroso compounds can be metabolically activated to give diazoacetate, which can result in the carboxymethylation of DNA. The remarkable similarity in p53 mutations found in human gastrointestinal tumors and in shuttle vector studies, where the human p53 gene-containing vector was treated with diazoacetate and propagated in yeast cells, suggests that diazoacetate might be an important etiological agent for human gastrointestinal tumors. The O6-carboxymethyl-2′-deoxyguanosine was previously detected in isolated DNA upon exposure to diazoacetate and in blood samples of healthy human subjects. The corresponding modifications of thymidine and 2′-deoxyadenosine have not been assessed, though significant mutations at A:T base pairs were found in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in human gastrointestinal tumors and in shuttle vector studies. To understand the implications of the carboxymethylation chemistry of thymidine in the observed mutations at A:T base pairs, here we synthesized authentic N3-carboxymethylthymidine (N3-CMdT) and O4-carboxymethylthymidine (O4-CMdT), incorporated them into DNA, and demonstrated, for the first time, that they were the major carboxymethylated derivatives of thymidine formed in calf thymus DNA upon exposure to diazoacetate. The demonstration of the formation of N3-CMdT and O4-CMdT in isolated DNA upon treatment with diazoacetate, together with the preparation of authentic oligodeoxyribonucleotide substrates housing these two lesions, laid the foundation for investigating the replication and repair of these lesions and for understanding their implications in the mutations observed in human gastrointestinal tumors

In vitro replication and thermodynamic studies of methylation and oxidation modifications of 6-thioguanine

The cytotoxic effects of thiopurine drugs are mostly exerted through the formation of thioguanine nucleotide and its subsequent incorporation into DNA. The 6-thioguanine (6-TG) in DNA can be converted to S6-methylthio-2-aminopurine (2-AP-6-SCH3) and 2-aminopurine-6-sulfonic acid (2-AP-6-SO3H) upon reaction with S-adenosyl-L-methionine and irradiation with UVA light, respectively. Here we prepared oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) harboring a 6-TG, 2-AP-6-SCH3 or 2-AP-6-SO3H at a defined site and examined, by using LC-MS/MS, the in vitro replication of these substrates with yeast polymerase η and Klenow fragment (KF−). Our results revealed that 2-AP-6-SCH3 could be bypassed by KF−, with significant misincorporation of thymine opposite the lesion. The 2-AP-6-SO3H, however, blocked markedly the nucleotide insertion by KF−. Yeast pol η could bypass all three modified nucleosides; although dCMP was inserted preferentially, we found substantial misincorporation of dTMP and dAMP opposite 2-AP-6-SCH3 and 2-AP-6-SO3H, respectively. Moreover, both KF− and yeast pol η induced a considerable amount of -2 frameshift products from the replication of 2-AP-6-SCH3- and 2-AP-6-SO3H-bearing substrates. Our results also underscored the importance of measuring the relative ionization efficiencies of replication products in the accurate quantification of these products by LC-MS/MS. Moreover, thermodynamic studies revealed that 2-AP-6-SCH3 and 2-AP-6-SO3H could cause more destabilization to duplex DNA than 6-TG. Taken together, the results from this study shed important new light on the biological implications of the two metabolites of 6-TG

Detection of Oxidation Products of 5-Methyl-2′-Deoxycytidine in Arabidopsis DNA

Epigenetic regulations play important roles in plant development and adaptation to environmental stress. Recent studies from mammalian systems have demonstrated the involvement of ten-eleven translocation (Tet) family of dioxygenases in the generation of a series of oxidized derivatives of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) in mammalian DNA. In addition, these oxidized 5-mC nucleobases have important roles in epigenetic remodeling and aberrant levels of 5-hydroxymethyl-29-deoxycytidine (5-HmdC) were found to be associated with different types of human cancers. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting the presence of these modified bases in plant DNA. Here we reported the use of a reversed-phase HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method and stable isotope-labeled standards for assessing the levels of the oxidized 5-mC nucleosides along with two other oxidatively induced DNA modifications in genomic DNA of Arabidopsis. These included 5- HmdC, 5-formyl-29-deoxycytidine (5-FodC), 5-carboxyl-29-deoxycytidine (5-CadC), 5-hydroxymethyl-29-deoxyuridine (5- HmdU), and the (59S) diastereomer of 8,59-cyclo-29-deoxyguanosine (S-cdG). We found that, in Arabidopsis DNA, the levels of 5-HmdC, 5-FodC, and 5-CadC are approximately 0.8 modifications per 106 nucleosides, with the frequency of 5-HmdC (per 5-mdC) being comparable to that of 5-HmdU (per thymidine). The relatively low levels of the 5-mdC oxidation products suggest that they arise likely from reactive oxygen species present in cells, which is in line with the lack of homologous Tetfamily dioxygenase enzymes in Arabidopsis

Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis Induced by Osthole, A Natural Coumarin, in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed tumors worldwide and is known to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy. New therapeutic strategies are urgently needed for treating HCC. Osthole, a natural coumarin derivative, has been shown to have anti-tumor activity. However, the effects of osthole on HCC have not yet been reported. METHODS AND FINDINGS: HCC cell lines were treated with osthole at various concentrations for 24, 48 and 72 hours. The proliferations of the HCC cells were measured by MTT assays. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry. HCC tumor models were established in mice by subcutaneously injection of SMMC-7721 or Hepa1-6 cells and the effect of osthole on tumor growths in vivo and the drug toxicity were studied. NF-κB activity after osthole treatment was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays and the expression of caspase-3 was measured by western blotting. The expression levels of other apoptosis-related genes were also determined by real-time PCR (PCR array) assays. Osthole displayed a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of the HCC cell proliferations in vitro. It also induced apoptosis and caused cell accumulation in G2 phase. Osthole could significantly suppress HCC tumor growth in vivo with no toxicity at the dose we used. NF-κB activity was significantly suppressed by osthole at the dose- and time-dependent manner. The cleaved caspase-3 was also increased by osthole treatment. The expression levels of some apoptosis-related genes that belong to TNF ligand family, TNF receptor family, Bcl-2 family, caspase family, TRAF family, death domain family, CIDE domain and death effector domain family and CARD family were all increased with osthole treatment. CONCLUSION: Osthole could significantly inhibit HCC growth in vitro and in vivo through cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis by suppressing NF-κB activity and promoting the expressions of apoptosis-related genes

Utilização de leveduras saccharomyces no controle da deterioração do queijo parmesão

Penicillium roquefortiis a filamentous fungus that can to produce loses, mainly in parmesan cheese, due the alterations on organoleptic characteristics. The biological control, using yeasts from Saccharomycesgenus can to control this pathogen and some species from this genus are considered probiotic. In this way, the objective of this work was to use yeasts to control P. roqueforti in parmesan cheese. Initially, were performed in vitro assays to verify the S. cerevisiae, strains UFT 5962, UFT 5992, UFT 5976, YEF 186 and S. boulardii capacity in to reduce the spore production by P. Roqueforti. At the same time, were verified the activities of some GRAS substances (sodium bicarbonate, calcium carbonate and calcium chloride at 1, 3, and 5 % and potassium chloride at 0.1, 0.5, and 1 %) over this pathogen. After this, were realized a classical biological control (using only the yeasts to control the pathogen) and integrated biological control (using yeast plus the selected GRAS substances) assays in the cheese. The results were obtained measuring the growing area of pathogen and the values were analyzed by Scott-Knott test. The time of endurance of the yeasts in the parmesan surface was obtained by re-isolation of the yeasts inoculated on cheese surface. S. cerevisiae UFT 5992 reduced 92 % of spore production after 7 days, but were not observed morphological alterations in the spores. Sodium bicarbonate at 1 % reduced totally the pathogen growth, and the antagonistic yeasts (S. boulardii e S. cerevisiae UFT 5992) keep alive in sodium bicarbonate (1 %) by 60 days. In the classical biological control, S. cerevisiae YEF 186, reduced the pathogen growth in 17.5 %after 13 days. The integrated control (S. cerevisiae UFT 5992+ BS) reduced the pathogen in 18 %.In both process, the yeasts keep alive by 50 days in parmesan surface, showing a good possibility of their use as probiotic and increasing the shelf life of this product.Penicillium roqueforti é um fungo deteriorante que ocasiona perdas principalmente em queijo parmesão, devido alterações no sabor e na cor do produto final. O controle biológico com leveduras do gênero Saccharomyces tem capacidade antifúngica e algumas têm efeito probiótico. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi utilizar leveduras como biocontrole do fungo P. roqueforti em queijo parmesão. Inicialmente, realizou análises in vitro para verificar a capacidade das leveduras S. cerevisiae UFT 5962, UFT 5992, UFT 5976, YEF 186 e S. boulardii em reduzir a quantidade de esporos produzidos por P. roqueforti e como também investigar o potencial de substâncias GRAS (bicarbonato de sódio, carbonato de sódio, carbonato de cálcio, cloreto de cálcio nas concentrações 1, 3 e 5% e cloreto de potássio nas concentrações 0,1; 0,5 e 1%) na inibição deste fungo. Foi realizada a segunda etapa do experimento através de testes em queijos parmesão utilizando o controle biológico clássico aplicando as leveduras e o controle biológico integrado onde utilizou a substância GRAS selecionada associado às leveduras antagonistas. Os resultados foram calculados pela área de contaminação e realizado o tratamento estatístico com teste Scott-Knott. Além disso, foi averiguado o tempo de permanência das leveduras na superfície dos queijos parmesão, através da inoculação e re-isolamento das leveduras no queijo. Nos resultados in vitro a S. cerevisiae UFT 5992 reduziu 92% dos esporos no 7o dia, e não foi observado modificações nas estruturas dos esporos. Das cinco substâncias GRAS testadas o bicarbonato de sódio a 1% obteve 100% de inibição do crescimento fúngico, e as leveduras antagonistas (S. boulardii e S. cerevisiae UFT 5992) sobreviveram por 60 dias nesta solução. Os resultados obtidos dos ensaios de controle biológico clássico constataram que a levedura S. cerevisiae YEF 186, reduziu em 17,5% o crescimento do P.roqueforti comparado com o controle no 13º dias. No controle integrado (S. cerevisiae UFT 5992+ BS), a redução fúngica foi de 18%. Nos dois processos, as leveduras sobreviveram por 50 dias demostrando uma boa adaptação das leveduras em queijo parmesão e podendo agregar valor probiótico ao produto final, estendendo sua vida de prateleira por tempo considerado

Intelligent Suppression Method for Ionospheric Clutter Based on Clustering and Greedy Strategy

Clutter is a term used for unwanted echoes in electronic systems, particularly in reference to radars. Such echoes are typically returned from ground, sea, rain, animals/insects, chaff, and atmospheric turbulences, and can cause serious performance issues with radar systems. Ionospheric clutter is a time-varying, nonstationary, and non-Gaussian complex clutter in High-Frequency Surface-Wave Radar (HFSWR) system and its suppression is a daunting task. Extensive research on intelligent classification systems and suppression techniques of ionospheric clutter was conducted to solve the universal problem of single clutter suppression algorithm. After a complete analysis of the characteristics of ionospheric clutter, the present work proposes an intelligent ionospheric clutter processing method based on clustering and greedy algorithms for the classification and suppression of ionospheric clutter. Experimental results showed that the proposed method has a better performance than the traditional algorithm in suppressing ionospheric clutter