Resource Consumption for Supporting Federated Learning in Wireless Networks

Federated learning (FL) has recently become one of the hottest focuses in wireless edge networks with the ever-increasing computing capability of user equipment (UE). In FL, UEs train local machine learning models and transmit them to an aggregator, where a global model is formed and then sent back to UEs. In wireless networks, local training and model transmission can be unsuccessful due to constrained computing resources, wireless channel impairments, bandwidth limitations, etc., which degrades FL performance in model accuracy and/or training time. Moreover, we need to quantify the benefits and cost of deploying edge intelligence, as model training and transmission consume certain amount of resources. Therefore, it is imperative to deeply understand the relationship between FL performance and multiple-dimensional resources. In this paper, we construct an analytical model to investigate the relationship between the FL model accuracy and consumed resources in FL empowered wireless edge networks. Based on the analytical model, we explicitly quantify the model accuracy, available computing resources and communication resources. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of our theoretical modeling and analysis, and demonstrate the trade-off between the communication and computing resources for achieving a certain model accuracy

Effects of Splenectomy on Spontaneously Chronic Pancreatitis in aly/aly Mice

Background and Aim. Mice with alymphoplasia (aly/aly) mutation characterized by a lack of lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and well-defined lymphoid follicles in the spleen were found. In this study, we used splenectomized aly/aly mice to elucidate the effects of secondary lymphoid organs in the development of aly/aly autoimmune pancreatitis. Methods. Forty-eight 10-week-old aly/aly mice were divided into two groups for splenectomy and sham operation. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the pancreas were performed at the ages of 20, 30, and 40 weeks old after operation, respectively. Results. Our results showed that mononuclear cell infiltration was restricted to the interlobular connective tissues at the age of 20 weeks, and not increase obviously at the age of 30 and 40 weeks in splenectomized aly/aly mice. Furthermore, an apparent decrease in the expressions of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and B cells was detected in the pancreatic tissues compared with sham aly/aly mice, however, no significant difference in macrophage expression between mice with and without a splenectomy. Conclusions. Inflammation infiltration and development of the pancreatitis in aly/aly mice were suppressed effectively after splenectomy, which was, at least partly, correlated to inhibition of the infiltration of T and B cells in pancreatic tissues but not to macrophages

Involvement of NGF in the Rat Model of Persistent Muscle Pain Associated With Taut Band

Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is an important clinical condition characterized by chronic muscle pain and a myofascial trigger point (MTrP) located in a taut band (TB). However, its pathogenic mechanism is still unclear. We developed an animal model relevant to conditions of MPS, and analyzed the mechanism of the muscle pain in this model. We applied eccentric contraction (EC) to a rat\u27s gastrocnemius muscle (GM) for 2 weeks, and examined the mechanical withdrawal thresholds, histological changes, and expressions and contents of nerve growth factor (NGF). The mechanical withdrawal threshold decreased significantly at the next day of first EC and continued up to 9 days after EC. TBs were palpable at 3 to 8 days after initiation of EC. In EC animals, necrotic and regenerating muscle cells were found significantly more than in control animals. In EC animals, NGF expressions in regenerating muscle cells and NGF contents of GM were significantly higher than control animals. Administration of NGF receptor (TrkA) inhibitor K252a showed significant suppression of mechanical hyperalgesia in EC animals. Repeated EC induced persistent mechanical muscle hyperalgesia associated with TB. NGF expressed in regenerating muscle cells may have an important role in persistent mechanical muscle hyperalgesia which might be relevant to pathogenesis of MPS. Perspective: The present study shows that NGF expressed in regenerating muscle cells is involved in persistent muscular mechanical hyperalgesia. NGF-TrkA signaling in primary muscle afferent neurons may be one of the most important and promising targets for MPS. © 2011 American Pain Society

Resource Consumption for Supporting Federated Learning Enabled Network Edge Intelligence

Federated learning (FL) has recently become one of the hottest focuses in network edge intelligence. In the FL framework, user equipments (UEs) train local machine learning (ML) models and transmit the trained models to an aggregator where a global model is formed and then sent back to UEs, such that FL can enable collaborative model training. In large-scale and dynamic edge networks, both local model training and transmission may not be always successful due to constrained power and computing resources at mobile devices, wireless channel impairments, bandwidth limitations, etc., which directly degrades FL performance in terms of model accuracy and/or training time. On the other hand, we need to quantify the benefits and cost of deploying edge intelligence when we plan to improve network performance by using artificial intelligence (AI) techniques which definitely incur certain cost. Therefore, it is imperative to deeply understand the relationship between the required multiple-dimensional resources and FL performance to facilitate FL enabled edge intelligence. In this paper, we construct an analytical model for investigating the relationship between the accuracy of ML model and consumed network resources in FL enabled edge networks. Based on the analytical model, we can explicitly quantify the trained model accuracy given spatial-temporal domain distribution, available user computing and communication resources. Numerical results validate the effectiveness of our theoretical modeling and analysis. Our analytical model in this paper provides some useful guidelines for appropriately promoting FL enabled edge network intelligence

Behaviour and constitutive modelling of ductile damage of Ti-6Al-1.5Cr-2.5Mo-0.5Fe-0.3Si alloy under hot tensile deformation

In this paper, the flow softening and ductile damage of TC6 alloy were investigated using a uniaxial hot tensile test with deformation temperatures of 910 °C∼970 °C and strain rates of 0.01 s−1∼10 s−1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on the deformed specimens to reveal the damage mechanism. The results showed that the flow stress rapidly increases to a peak at a tiny strain, followed by a significant decrease due to flow softening and ductile damage. The ductile damage of the studied TC6 alloy can be ascribe to the nucleation, growth and coalescence of microdefects, and the microvoids preferentially nucleate at the interface of the alpha phase and beta matrix due to the inconsistent strain. Then, a set of unified viscoplastic constitutive equations including flow softening and ductile damage mechanisms was developed and determined, and this set of equations was verified by the experimental flow stress, which indicated the reliability of the prediction. Furthermore, the predicted normalized dislocation density and the adiabatic temperature rise increase with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. The predicted damage components show that the microdefects mainly nucleate in the initial stage, but then primarily grow and link together with continuing deformation

Statistical Properties of X-Ray Bursts from SGR J1935+2154 Detected by Insight-HXMT

As one class of the most important objects in the universe, magnetars can produce a lot of different frequency bursts including X-ray bursts. In \cite{2022ApJS..260...24C}, 75 X-ray bursts produced by magnetar SGR J1935+2154 during an active period in 2020 are published, including the duration and net photon counts of each burst, and waiting time based on the trigger time difference. In this paper, we utilize the power-law model, $dN(x)/dx\propto (x+x_0)^{-\alpha_x}$, to fit the cumulative distributions of these parameters. It can be found that all the cumulative distributions can be well fitted, which can be interpreted by a self-organizing criticality theory. Furthermore, we check whether this phenomenon still exist in different energy bands and find that there is no obvious evolution. These findings further confirm that the X-ray bursts from magnetars are likely to be generated by some self-organizing critical process, which can be explained by a possible magnetic reconnection scenario in magnetars.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure and 3 tables; published in Research in Astronomy and Astrophysic

Effects of total flavonoids from Drynariae Rhizoma prevent bone loss in vivo and in vitro

AbstractEstrogen deficiency is one of the major causes of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Drynariae Rhizoma is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of bone diseases. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the total Drynariae Rhizoma flavonoids (DRTF) on estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss using an ovariectomized rat model and osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Our results indicated that DRTF produced osteo-protective effects on the ovariectomized rats in terms of bone loss reduction, including decreased levels of bone turnover markers, enhanced biomechanical femur strength and trabecular bone microarchitecture deterioration prevention. In vitro experiments revealed that the actions of DRTF on regulating osteoblastic activities were mediated by the estrogen receptor (ER) dependent pathway. Our data also demonstrated that DRTF inhibited osteoclastogenesis via up-regulating osteoprotegrin (OPG), as well as down-regulating receptor activator of NF–κB ligand (RANKL) expression. In conclusion, this study indicated that DRTF treatment effectively suppressed bone mass loss in an ovariectomized rat model, and in vitro evidence suggested that the effects were exerted through actions on both osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Morphological study of the arterial supply to the menisci in pigs with special reference to creating meniscus injury model

Background: Some reports have used pigs to establish models of meniscus injury. However, accurate information on the origin, course, and access of the arteries supplying the menisci remains unclear. This information is important to avoid damaging vital arteries when creating the meniscus injury model. Materials and methods: In this study, fetal and adult pigs were employed to investigate the arterial supply of the menisci in pigs using gross anatomical and histological methods. Results: Macro-anatomically, the anterior horn, body, and posterior horn of the medial meniscus were found to be supplied by the medial superior genicular artery, medial inferior genicular artery, and posterior middle genicular artery. The anterior and posterior horns of the lateral meniscus were supplied by the cranial tibial recurrent artery and the middle genicular artery, respectively. Anastomosis was observed in some cases, but appeared to be infrequent and too thin to expect the anastomotic branches to provide adequate blood flow. The histological examination showed that the arteries entered the meniscus along the tie-fiber. The access process of the artery was the same irrespective of whether it was in fetal or mature pigs, the medial or lateral meniscus, or the anterior horn or body or posterior horn. The medial inferior genicular artery ran along the medial meniscus in the circumferential direction. Therefore, the clinical longitudinal incision should take into account the characteristics of the vessel course in order to protect the blood vessels from damage. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the protocol for creating a pig meniscus injury model should be reconsidered

A Comprehensive Analysis of Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Data: III. Energy-Dependent T90 Distributions of GBM GRBs and Instrumental Selection Effect on Duration Classification

The durations (T90) of 315 GRBs detected with Fermi/GBM (8-1000 keV) by 2011 September are calculated using the Bayesian Block method. We compare the T90 distributions between this sample and those derived from previous/current GRB missions. We show that the T90 distribution of this GRB sample is bimodal, with a statistical significance level being comparable to those derived from the BeppoSAX/GRBM sample and the Swift/BAT sample, but lower than that derived from the CGRO/BATSE sample. The short-to-long GRB number ratio is also much lower than that derived from the BATSE sample, i.e., 1:6.5 vs 1:3. We measure T90 in several bands, i.e., 8-15, 15-25, 25-50, 50-100, 100-350, and 350-1000 keV, to investigate the energy-dependence effect of the bimodal T90 distribution. It is found that the bimodal feature is well observed in the 50-100 and 100-350 keV bands, but is only marginally acceptable in the 25-50 keV and 350-1000 keV bands. The hypothesis of the bimodality is confidently rejected in the 8-15 and 15-25 keV bands. The T90 distributions in these bands are roughly consistent with those observed by missions with similar energy bands. The parameter T90 as a function of energy follows \bar T90 \propto E^{-0.20\pm 0.02} for long GRBs. Considering the erratic X-ray and optical flares, the duration of a burst would be even much longer for most GRBs. Our results, together with the observed extended emission of some short GRBs, indicate that the central engine activity time scale would be much longer than T90} for both long and short GRBs and the observed bimodal T90 distribution may be due to an instrumental selection effect.Comment: 29 pages, 2 tables, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Modeling Rett Syndrome Using TALEN-Edited MECP2 Mutant Cynomolgus Monkeys

Gene-editing technologies have made it feasible to create nonhuman primate models for human genetic disorders. Here, we report detailed genotypes and phenotypes of TALEN-edited MECP2 mutant cynomolgus monkeys serving as a model for a neurodevelopmental disorder, Rett syndrome (RTT), which is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the human MECP2 gene. Male mutant monkeys were embryonic lethal, reiterating that RTT is a disease of females. Through a battery of behavioral analyses, including primate-unique eye-tracking tests, in combination with brain imaging via MRI, we found a series of physiological, behavioral, and structural abnormalities resembling clinical manifestations of RTT. Moreover, blood transcriptome profiling revealed that mutant monkeys resembled RTT patients in immune gene dysregulation. Taken together, the stark similarity in phenotype and/or endophenotype between monkeys and patients suggested that gene-edited RTT founder monkeys would be of value for disease mechanistic studies as well as development of potential therapeutic interventions for RTT