Parasitic protozoa transmission by drinking water

Los protozoarios patógenos Cryptosporidium parvum y Giardia sp. han demostrado su infectividad e impacto negativo en la salud de miles de personas tanto en naciones industrializadas como en los países en desarrollo. La mayoría de los protozoarios por presentar una forma resistente a las condiciones ambientales, les permite la supervivencia a los tratamientos físico-químicos del agua para consumo humano. De igual forma, la aparición de nuevos patógenos demuestra la necesidad de desarrollar nuevos indicadores de calidad microbiológica que permitan ofrecer productos verdaderamente seguros en el agua para uso humano. El presente artículo es una revisión de literatura que señala el impacto de este riesgo microbiológico, asociado fundamentalmente con el consumo de aguas cuyos indicadores clásicos de contaminación microbiológica (coliformes fecales y Escherichia coli) en casi todos los casos cumplen con las normas vigentes. The pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. showed their infectivity and negative effects on the health of thousands of people in both developed and developing countries. Protozoa have ambient resistant stages that permit survived to physical and chemical treatment of drinking water. This risk is mainly related to the consumption of water whose microbiological quality indicators typically fulfill with current standards (fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli). Likewise, the discovery of new pathogens is calling for the development of new microbiological quality indicators that allow the production of really safe goods and services such as water for human consumption. Herein the authors present a literature review showing the impact of this microbiological risk in different populations

Man-biting Activity of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus and An. (Kerteszia) neivai (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia

The daily man-biting activity of Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albimanus and An. (Kerteszia) neivai was determined in four ecologically distinct settlements of the Naya River, Department of Valle, Colombia. Differences were found among the settlements with respect to the mosquito species present, intradomiciliary and extradomiciliary biting activity and population densities

Malaria vector species in Colombia: a review

Here we present a comprehensive review of the literature on the vectorial importance of the major Anopheles malaria vectors in Colombia. We provide basic information on the geographical distribution, altitudinal range, immature habitats, adult behaviour, feeding preferences and anthropophily, endophily and infectivity rates. We additionally review information on the life cycle, longevity and population fluctuation of Colombian Anopheles species. Emphasis was placed on the primary vectors that have been epidemiologically incriminated in malaria transmission: Anopheles darlingi, Anopheles albimanus and Anopheles nuneztovari. The role of a selection of local, regional or secondary vectors (e.g., Anopheles pseudopunctipennis and Anopheles neivai) is also discussed. We highlight the importance of combining biological, morphological and molecular data for the correct taxonomical determination of a given species, particularly for members of the species complexes. We likewise emphasise the importance of studying the bionomics of primary and secondary vectors along with an examination of the local conditions affecting the transmission of malaria. The presence and spread of the major vectors and the emergence of secondary species capable of transmitting human Plasmodia are of great interest. When selecting control measures, the anopheline diversity in the region must be considered. Variation in macroclimate conditions over a species' geographical range must be well understood and targeted to plan effective control measures based on the population dynamics of the local Anopheles species

L'Esposizione Universale del 1867 illustrata: pubblicazione internazionale autorizzata dalla Commissione imperiale dell'Esposizione

Pubblicazione a periodicità irregolar

Macroglossia: Multifactorial etiology, multiple management

The pathogenic protozoa Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp. showed their infectivity and negative effects on the health of thousands of people in both developed and developing countries. Protozoa have ambient resistant stages that permit survived to physical and chemical treatment of drinking water. This risk is mainly related to the consumption of water whose microbiological quality indicators typically fulfill with current standards (fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli ). Likewise, the discovery of new pathogens is calling for the development of new microbiological quality indicators that allow the production of really safe goods and services such as water for human consumption. Herein the authors present a literature review showing the impact of this microbiological risk in different populations

Uso de la radiación solar (UV-A y temperatura) en la inactivación del Vibrio cholerae en agua para consumo humano. Factores que condicionan la eficiencia del proceso

Se inoculó Vibrio cholerae en botellas de vidrio, en botellas de plástico y en bolsas plásticas que contenían agua; se expusieron al sol durante 6 horas y se midió la temperatura y la radiación UV-A. Al alcanzar 30°, 35°, 40° y 45° C se tomaron muestras para determinar el nivel de los vibrios y de los coliformes termotolerantes. Se determinaron los impactos de temperatura, turbiedad, recipiente y concentración de los vibrios. Esta bacteria se logró inactivar al alcanzar gradualmente 45° C y 6 horas de exposición al sol; con temperatura constante de 30° C se necesitaron 100 Wh/m2; y con 50° C sólo 10 Wh/m2. La turbiedad es un factor que interfiere con el proceso de SODIS; con 40 UNT se necesitaron 105 Wh/ m2, con 23 UNT, 91 Wh/m2 y con 5 UNT, 36 Wh/m2 de UV-A para lograr 100% de mortalidad. No se encontraron diferencias con el tipo de recipiente usado, siempre se logró 100% de inactivación; tampoco se observaron diferencias en la inactivación con diferentes concentraciones del vibrio. Se lograron altas correlaciones entre la inactivación de coliformes termotolerantes y vibrios (0.86 y 0.99). Vibrio cholerae was inoculated in plastic and glass bottles and plastic bags. The containers were exposed to sunlight during six hours. When temperature raised up to 30° C, 35° C, 40° C, and 45° C, samples of water were taken. The impact of: a) temperature, b) turbidity, c) container and d) initial concentration of vibrio were determined. The bacteria were inactivated with only temperature, when it raised up to 45º C, whereas, with constant temperature of 30º C it was necessary 100 Wh/m2 of the radiation and at 50º C, only 10 Wh/m2. The turbidity caused interference with SODIS process: total inactivation was achieved with different levels: 105 Wh/m2(40 TNU), 91 Wh/m2 (23 TNU) and 36 Wh/m2 (5 TNU). The container type and initial different concentration of vibrio did not have influence on the SODIS process. Full correlation among thermotolerant coliforms and V. cholerae inactivation was always high (0.86 and 0.99)

PARTICIPACIÓN COMUNITARIA: UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA LOGRAR AGUA DE BAJO RIESGO MICROBIOLÓGICO Y UNA DESINFECCIÓN EFECTIVAPARTICIPACIÓN COMUNITARIA: UNA ESTRATEGIA PARA LOGRAR AGUA DE BAJO RIESGO MICROBIOLÓGICO Y UNA DESINFECCIÓN EFECTIVA

<p>discute acerca de los problemas que enfrentan los habitantes de las zonas rurales y pequeños municipios para alcanzar y sostener la adecuada prestación de los servicios de suministro de agua. El problema central esta básicamente asociado al enfoque de la oferta utilizado en el sector, donde a las comunidades solo se les ha vinculado en la fase de construcción de las obras. Diversas experiencias y lecciones se han derivado de la estrategia de proyectos de aprendizaje en equipo donde este enfoque ha sido modificado. La activa y decisoria participación comunitaria en todas las fases del ciclo de los proyectos, con un apoyo institucional continuo, ha permitido el funcionamiento y uso sostenible de los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua, y en particular que una alternativa tecnológica como la filtración en múltiples etapas, FiME, cumpla con su objetivo de producir agua con un bajo riesgo microbiológico lo que posibilita la aplicación de una desinfección efectiva.</p