La competencia como organizadora de los programas de formación: hacia un desempeño competente

Los autores del presente trabajo son investigadores del Observatorio de Reformas Educativas (ORE) de la Universidad de Quebec en Montreal (UQAM), presentan una reflexión teórica y práctica sobre el uso del concepto de competencia como organizador de programas de estudios. Partiendo del origen del concepto y su aplicación en los distintos campos disciplinares que lo han utilizado, proponen una perspectiva contextualizada.Inspirados principalmente en el enfoque de la didáctica profesional y en los trabajos de Philippe Jonnaert, desde los años 1980, los autores demuestran que los tres pilares para el desarrollo de las competencias son: las situaciones, el desempeño competente y la inteligencia de las situaciones.Finalmente, a partir de experiencias llevadas a cabo en Canadá y Níger, los autores ilustran una de ellas y se permiten cuestionar los contenidos de los programas de estudios

Study of the pozzolanicity of two clays from Kindia (Guinea) with a view to their use in the formulation of hydraulic binder

Ce travail présente, dans un premier temps, les résultats d’essais de pouzzolanicité de deux variétés d’argile, codifiées respectivement ABD et ARD, prélevées à Débélé. Dans un second temps, les propriétés physiques des mortiers obtenus à partir de ces deux argiles par substitution du ciment au taux de 20 % sont présentées et discutés. Le comportement mécanique des mortiers manifeste des variations acceptables avec des masses volumiques apparentes comprises entre 1,800 et 2,090 g/cm3. Les résistances mécaniques restent inférieures à celle du mortier témoin pour les hybrides à base d’argiles brutes, mais celles des hybrides à base d’argiles calcinées sont supérieures à celle du mortier témoin au-delà du 28ème. Ces résultats attestent le caractère pouzzolanique des argiles de Débélé et constituent une contribution pour leur valorisation dans la formulation des liants hydrauliques.This work presents, firstly, the results of pozzolanicity tests on two varieties of clay, codified respectively ABD and ARD, taken at Débélé. In a second step, the physical properties of the mortars obtained from these two clays by substitution of cement at a rate of 20% are presented and discussed. The mechanical behaviour of the mortars shows acceptable variations with apparent densities between 1.800 and 2.090 g/cm3. The mechanical resistance is lower than that of the control mortar for hybrids based on raw clays, but those of hybrids based on calcined clays are higher than that of the control mortar beyond the 28th. These results attest to the pozzolanic character of the Débélé clays and constitute a contribution to their valorisation in the formulation of hydraulic binder

Etude de la pouzzolanicité de deux argiles de Kindia (Guinée) en vue de leur utilisation dans la formulation de liant hydraulique

This work presents, firstly, the results of pozzolanicity tests on two varieties of clay, codified respectively ABD and ARD, taken at Débélé. In a second step, the physical properties of the mortars obtained from these two clays by substitution of cement at a rate of 20% are presented and discussed. The mechanical behaviour of the mortars shows acceptable variations with apparent densities between 1.800 and 2.090 g/cm3. The mechanical resistance is lower than that of the control mortar for hybrids based on raw clays, but those of hybrids based on calcined clays are higher than that of the control mortar beyond the 28th. These results attest to the pozzolanic character of the Débélé clays and constitute a contribution to their valorisation in the formulation of hydraulic bindersCe travail présente, dans un premier temps, les résultats d’essais de pouzzolanicité de deux variétés d’argile, codifiées respectivement ABD et ARD, prélevées à Débélé. Dans un second temps, les propriétés physiques des mortiers obtenus à partir de ces deux argiles par substitution du ciment au taux de 20 % sont présentées et discutés. Le comportement mécanique des mortiers manifeste des variations acceptables avec des masses volumiques apparentes comprises entre 1,800 et 2,090 g/cm3. Les résistances mécaniques restent inférieures à celle du mortier témoin pour les hybrides à base d’argiles brutes, mais celles des hybrides à base d’argiles calcinées sont supérieures à celle du mortier témoin au-delà du 28ème. Ces résultats attestent le caractère pouzzolanique des argiles de Débélé et constituent une contribution pour leur valorisation dans la formulation des liants hydrauliques

Nutrients

BACKGROUND: Coffee intake has been shown to modulate both the effect of ethanol on serum GGT activities in some alcohol consumers and the risk of alcoholic cirrhosis in some patients with chronic diseases. This study aimed to analyze the impact of coffee intake and alcohol consumption on advanced liver fibrosis (ALF) in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. METHODS: ANRS CO13-HEPAVIH is a French, nationwide, multicenter cohort of HIV-HCV-co-infected patients. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data including alcohol and coffee consumption were prospectively collected using annual self-administered questionnaires during five years of follow-up. Mixed logistic regression models were performed, relating coffee intake and alcohol consumption to ALF. RESULTS: 1019 patients were included. At the last available visit, 5.8% reported high-risk alcohol consumption, 27.4% reported high coffee intake and 14.5% had ALF. Compared with patients with low coffee intake and high-risk alcohol consumption, patients with low coffee intake and low-risk alcohol consumption had a lower risk of ALF (aOR (95% CI) 0.24 (0.12(-)0.50)). In addition, patients with high coffee intake had a lower risk of ALF than the reference group (0.14 (0.03(-)0.64) in high-risk alcohol drinkers and 0.11 (0.05(-)0.25) in low-risk alcohol drinkers). CONCLUSIONS: High coffee intake was associated with a low risk of liver fibrosis even in HIV-HCV co-infected patients with high-risk alcohol consumption

Costs and cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening strategies in women living with HIV in Burkina Faso: The HPV in Africa Research Partnership (HARP) study.

INTRODUCTION: This study estimated the costs and incremental cost per case detected of screening strategies for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) in women living with HIV (WLHIV) attending HIV clinics in Burkina Faso. METHODS: The direct healthcare provider costs of screening tests (visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA), VIA combined visual inspection with Lugol's iodine (VIA/VILI), cytology and a rapid HPV DNA test (careHPV)) and confirmatory tests (colposcopy, directed biopsy and systematic four-quadrant (4Q) biopsy) were collected alongside the HPV in Africa Research Partnership (HARP) study. A model was developed for a hypothetical cohort of 1000 WLHIV using data on CIN2+ prevalence and the sensitivity of the screening tests. Costs are reported in USD (2019). RESULTS: The study enrolled 554 WLHIV with median age 36 years (inter-quartile range, 31-41) and CIN2+ prevalence of 5.8%. The average cost per screening test ranged from US$3.2 for VIA to US$24.8 for cytology. Compared to VIA alone, the incremental cost per CIN2+ case detected was US$48 for VIA/VILI and US$814 for careHPV. Despite higher costs, careHPV was more sensitive for CIN2+ cases detected compared to VIA/VILI (97% and 56%, respectively). The cost of colposcopy was US$6.6 per person while directed biopsy was US$33.0 and 4Q biopsy was US$48.0. CONCLUSION: Depending on the willingness to pay for the detection of a case of cervical cancer, decision makers in Burkina Faso can consider a variety of cervical cancer screening strategies for WLHIV. While careHPV is more costly, it has the potential to be cost-effective depending on the willingness to pay threshold. Future research should explore the lifetime costs and benefits of cervical cancer screening to enable comparisons with interventions for other diseases

PLoS One

BACKGROUND: Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) have dramatically increased HCV cure rates with minimal toxicity in HIV-HCV co-infected patients. This study aimed to compare the socio-behavioral characteristics of patients initiating pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN)-based HCV treatment with those of patients initiating DAA-based treatment. METHODS: ANRS CO13 HEPAVIH is a national multicenter prospective cohort started in 2005, which enrolled 1,859 HIV-HCV co-infected patients followed up in French hospital outpatient units. Both clinical/biological and socio-behavioral data were collected during follow-up. We selected patients with socio-behavioral data available before HCV treatment initiation. RESULTS: A total of 580 patients were included in this analysis. Of these, 347 initiated PEG-IFN-based treatment, and 233 DAA-based treatment. There were significant differences regarding patient mean age (45 years+/-6 for the PEG-IFN group vs. 52 years+/-8 for the DAA group, p<0.001), unstable housing (21.4% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.0016), drug use (44.7% vs. 29.6%, p = 0.0003), regular or daily use of cannabis (24.3% vs. 15.6%, p = 0.0002), a history of drug injection (68.9% vs 39.0%, p<0.0001) and significant liver fibrosis (62.4% vs 72.3%, p = 0.0293). In multivariable analysis, patients initiating DAA-based treatment were older than their PEG-IFN-based treatment counterparts (aOR = 1.17; 95%CI [1.13; 1.22]). Patients receiving DAA treatment were less likely to report unstable housing (0.46 [0.24; 0.88]), cannabis use (regular or daily use:0.50 [0.28; 0.91]; non-regular use: 0.41 [0.22; 0.77]), and a history of drug injection (0.19 [0.12; 0.31]). CONCLUSION: It is possible that a majority of patients who had socio-economic problems and/or a history of drug injection and/or a non-advanced disease stage were already treated for HCV in the PEG-IFN era. Today, patients with unstable housing conditions are prescribed DAA less frequently than other populations. As HCV treatment is prevention, improving access to DAA remains a major clinical and public health strategy, in particular for individuals with high-risk behaviors

Fifteen Years of Annual Mass Treatment of Onchocerciasis with Ivermectin Have Not Interrupted Transmission in the West Region of Cameroon

We followed up the 1996 baseline parasitological and entomological studies on onchocerciasis transmission in eleven health districts in West Region, Cameroon. Annual mass ivermectin treatment had been provided for 15 years. Follow-up assessments which took place in 2005, 2006, and 2011 consisted of skin snips for microfilariae (mf) and palpation examinations for nodules. Follow-up Simulium vector dissections for larval infection rates were done from 2011 to 2012. mf prevalence in adults dropped from 68.7% to 11.4%, and nodule prevalence dropped from 65.9% to 12.1%. The decrease of mf prevalence in children from 29.2% to 8.9% was evidence that transmission was still continuing. mf rates in the follow-up assessments among adults and in children levelled out after a sharp reduction from baseline levels. Only three health districts out of 11 were close to interruption of transmission. Evidence of continuing transmission was also observed in two out of three fly collection sites that had infective rates of 0.19% and 0.18% and ATP of 70 (Foumbot) and 300 (Massangam), respectively. Therefore, halting of annual mass treatment with ivermectin cannot be done after 15 years as it might escalate the risk of transmission recrudescence

Accuracy Assessment of the ESA CCI 20M Land Cover Map: Kenya, Gabon, Ivory Coast and South Africa

This working paper presents the overall and spatial accuracy assessment of the European Space Agency (ESA) 20 m prototype land cover map for Africa for four countries: Kenya, Gabon, Ivory Coast and South Africa. This accuracy assessment was undertaken as part of the ESA-funded CrowdVal project. The results varied from 44% (for South Africa) to 91% (for Gabon). In the case of Kenya (56% overall accuracy) and South Africa, these values are largely caused by the confusion between grassland and shrubland. However, if a weighted confusion matrix is used, which diminishes the importance of the confusion between grassland and shrubs, the overall accuracy for Kenya increases to 79% and for South Africa, 75%. The overall accuracy for Ivory Coast (47%) is a result of a highly fragmented land cover, which makes it a difficult country to map with remote sensing. The exception was Gabon with a high overall accuracy of 91%, but this can be explained by the high amount of tree cover across the country, which is a relatively easy class to map

Les Déterminants de la course à pied en Afrique soudano-sahélienne (de l'utilitarisme à l'olympisme)

Cette étude anthropologique met en évidence les facteurs sociaux de la course à pied, de la course pensée à la technologie de la pratique. La course est une activité corporelle, qui varie selon le contexte culturel et les représentations des sociétés. Comment passe-t-on de la sédentarité à la course à pied régulière, et de la course informelle à l athlétisme ? Là où nous cherchions à savoir, comment des sociétés africaines se représentaient la pratique, nos différents interlocuteurs nous renvoyaient à la question : pourquoi courir ? De prime abord lorsque que l'on évoque la course en Afrique, c est l'athlétisme qui nous vient à l esprit. L'enquête de terrain en Afrique de l'ouest, nous renvoie à une autre idée de la course, celle vécue, celle subie, celle redoutée, une course en phase avec les réalités des jeunes africains. L'enquête se déroule sur le terrain, en pays Mandingue et Gur, principalement dans la région de Bamako (Koulikoro) et au sein du complexe ethnique Senoufo-Minianka, une zone transfrontalière aux confins du Mali, du Burkina Faso et de la Côte d'Ivoire. La course à pied est dépendante des éléments culturels et structurels, l'enquête nous montre également d autres paramètres qui rentre en ligne de compte, comme le genre et la position sociale. Ce sont les individus qui connaissent les plus grandes difficultés socio-économiques qui sont les moins à même de pratiquer, à ce titre les femmes souffrent doublement. En tant que pauvres (tout comme 72% de la population), elles ne peuvent se permettre de courir, et leur appartenance à la gente féminine accroît le contrôle de la société sur toutes leurs activités. De plus, on ne peut évoquer la course et les loisirs sans faire le lien avec les secteurs d'activités, le travail et le temps libéré du travail, un temps qui doit être socialement utile, au plus grand nombre (pas d'égoïsme sportif, ni de pratique pour soi). Si l'implication dans les courses informelles est fortement dépendante de l'amélioration des conditions de vie des jeunes soudanais, l'entrée massive dans le milieu de l'athlétisme résulte de la possibilité de se réaliser, de réussir l'ascension sociale grâce à la pratique sportive. Plus l'exemple de réussite sociale par la course est proche, c'est-à-dire le fait d'un individu dont on se sent proche culturellement, géographiquement et socialement et plus l'identification engendre l'émulation au sein de la jeunesse. Contrairement à ce que l'on observe en Ethiopie, au Kenya, au Maroc ou plus récemment en Jamaïque, le modèle social de l'athlète héros n'apparaît ni au Mali, ni au Burkina Faso.The work focuses on the social factors of running. From representation to track of field. Running depends on many factors like, society, culture, standing of leaving, gender. Why African children are running ? What kind of motivation push people to run? When we talk about Running in Africa, we think about athletics, track and field. Our work shows an other aspect of the practice. The study method base on field survey. This survey base on participant observation, took place in Manding Area, mainly in the city of Bamako and in the land named Kenedougou, area located between three countries : South est of Mali, South west of Burkina Faso, North of Ivory Coast. People who live in this zone are muslim, Bamanan (Manding) and Senufo (Gur). We notice that Running means fears of Malians, is just a practice of children, an adult is not able to run, unless anything unforeseen happens. Many people hate Running. The most of Runners are young football players, it may to watch them at the end of evening running along the roads of Bamako. Women don t do sport, only few student do athlectics or basket ball. Poverty and gender are major obstacles of sport in Western Africa (More than 70 % of Malian society). In the cities of Bamako and Sikasso, we meet youngs in the grin . Everybody have is grin , it s a association of friends, and it s the better place to observe Malian society. Inside they talk about their fears, they talk about their hopes and we notice the growing passion for only sport : Football. Effectively, youth of Bamako is looking for a better life, since few years boys wish follow the example of sport hero. Contrary to Ethiopians of Arsi area and Kenyans of Kalenji society, Athletics (track and field) don't attract west African.ST DENIS-BU PARIS8 (930662101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Determination of the long period nutations terms from optical astrometry and VLBI data

International audienceA 100-year long optical astrometric series of the Earth Orientation Parameters produced by a Czech team (Vondr&aacute;k et al., 1998) has been analysed in order to determine components of nutation. Our interest is mostly focused on the long periodic terms: 18.6-year term, 9.3-year term and linear trend, still correlated in VLBI series which cover only the last 20 years. A comparison has been made with the corresponding values determined from the VLBI series