Ölümünün yıldönümünde Veli Hocayı anarken

Taha Toros Arşivi, Dosya No: 39-Orhan Veli-Adnan Veli Kanıkİstanbul Kalkınma Ajansı (TR10/14/YEN/0033) İstanbul Development Agency (TR10/14/YEN/0033

Utjecaj fermentacije, autoklaviranja i obrade fitazom na antioksidacijska svojstva i kakvoću keksa od tefa

Research background. Teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] is an underutilised cereal crop grown mainly in Ethiopia and Eritrea. It is an excellent source of dietary fibre, vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds. However, it also contains a high amount of phytic acid, which is an antinutrient and reduces the bioavailability of minerals and proteins. To improve the nutritional quality of teff, the phytic acid content should be reduced by an effective dephytinisation method. Experimental approach. In this study, various dephytinisation methods (fermentation, autoclaving and phytase treatment) were used to dephytinise teff flour. Undephytinised and dephytinised teff flour was mixed into wheat flour (0−40 %) to improve the functional properties of cookies. Twenty different cookie formulations were prepared according to 4x5x2 factorial design. The physical, chemical, nutritional and sensory properties of the cookies were investigated. Results and conclusions. Among the dephytinisation methods, fermentation produced the most effective reduction in phytic acid mass fraction (181 mg/100 g), followed by phytase treatment (198 mg/100 g). The protein, fat, Fe and Zn content and antioxidant activity of cookies enriched with dephytinised teff flour were comparable to cookies fortified with undephytinised teff flour. Moreover, the dephytinised teff cookies had lower phytic acid mass fractions. The cookies containing 40 % teff flour had higher antioxidant activity and nutritional quality than the control wheat cookies. The use of dephytinised teff flour reduced the spread ratio and the a* and b* values of cookies compared to undephytinised flour. Cookies containing fermented and phytase-treated teff flour had a harder texture than cookies containing undephytinised flour. In addition, as the amount of teff flour increased, the spread ratio values of cookies gradually incrased while their hardness decreased. Overall acceptability scores of cookies containing 10–20 % teff flour were similar to the control. Novelty and scientific contribution. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to determine the quality of cookies containing dephytinised teff flour. The data highlight the potential of dephytinised (especially autoclaved and phytase-treated) teff flour (up to 20 %) as a functional ingredient to enrich the mineral content and antioxidant capacity of foods. Furthermore, this study shows that fermentation, autoclaving and phytase treatment can be used to improve the nutritional quality of grains.Pozadina istraživanja. Tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] je nedovoljno iskorištena žitarica koja raste uglavnom u Etiopiji i Ertreji. Odličan je izvor vlakana, vitamina, mineralnih tvari i bioaktivnih spojeva. Međutim, sadržava i velike količine fitinske kiseline, antinutrijenta koji umanjuje biološku iskoristivost mineralnih tvari i proteina. Za poboljšanje njegove hranjive vrijednosti, treba učinkovito smanjiti udjel fitinske kiseline u tefu. Eksperimentalni pristup. U ovome su radu ispitane različite metode uklanjanja fitinske kiseline (fermentacija, autoklaviranje i obrada fitazom). Za poboljšanje funkcionalnih svojstava keksa, brašno od tefa sa smanjenim udjelom fitinske kiseline i ono od tefa u kojem nije smanjen udjel fitinske kiseline pomiješani su sa pšeničnim brašnom (0−40 %). Pripremljeno je 20 različitih smjesa za kekse prema faktorskom planu 4×5×2. Ispitana su fizikalna, kemijska, hranjiva i senzorska svojstva dobivenih keksa. Rezultati i zaključci. Od korištenih metoda uklanjanja fitinske kiseline, fermentacijom je uklonjen najveći maseni udjel fitinske kiseline (181 mg/100 g), a nešto manji udjel je uklonjen obradom fitazom (198 mg/100 g). Udjeli proteina, masnoća, željeza i cinka te antioksidacijska aktivnost keksa obogaćenih brašnom od tefa sa smanjenim udjelom fitinske kiseline bili su usporedivi s onima keksa obogaćenih brašnom od tefa u kojem nije smanjen udjel fitinske kiseline. Osim toga, ti keksi su imali manji maseni udjel fitinske kiseline. Keksi s 40 % brašna od tefa imali su veću antioksidacijsku aktivnost i hranjivu vrijednost od kontrolnih uzoraka od pšeničnog brašna. Uporabom brašna od tefa sa smanjenim udjelom fitinske kiseline smanjili su se faktor širenja (omjer promjera i visine) te a* i b* vrijednosti keksa u usporedbi s onima od brašna od tefa u kojem nije smanjen udjel fitinske kiseline. Keksi dobiveni od fermentiranog brašna tefa ili od brašna obrađenog fitazom bili su tvrđi od keksa proizvedenih od brašna sa smanjenim udjelom fitinske kiseline. Osim toga, s povećanjem udjela brašna od tefa, faktor širenja keksa se postepeno povećavao, a njihova tvrdoća smanjivala. Ukupna je prihvatljivost keksa s 10–20 % brašna od tefa bila slična onoj kontrolnih uzoraka. Novina i znanstveni doprinos. Prema našim spoznajama, ovo je prvo istraživanje o kakvoći keksa koji sadržavaju brašno od tefa sa smanjenim udjelom fitinske kiseline. Dobiveni rezultati potvrđuju mogućnost uporabe do 20 % brašna od tefa sa smanjenim udjelom fitinske kiseline (osobito autoklaviranog i obrađenog fitazom) kao funkcionalnog sastojka koji povećava udjel mineralnih tvari i antioksidacijski učinak hrane. Nadalje, u radu je prikazano da se fermentacijom, autoklaviranjem i obradom fitazom može poboljšati hranjiva vrijednost žitarica

Effect of row spacing on yield and yield components of some fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) populations under Tekirdağ conditions

Bu çalışma, Tekirdağ koşullarında sıra aralığının çemen (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) populasyonlarının verim ve verim kriterleri üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Denemede Kayseri yöresinden iki (Kayseri 3 ve Kayseri 4) ve Konya yöresinden üç (Konya 6, Konya 7 ve Konya 8) olmak üzere toplam beş çemen populasyonu 2005 ve 2006 yıllarında üç farklı sıra aralığında (20, 30 ve 40 cm) ekilmişlerdir. Sonuçlar, Tekirdağ koşullarında Kayseri yöresi populasyonlarının Konya yöresi populasyonlarına göre daha yüksek verim değerlerine sahip olduğunu ve tüm populasyonlarda bitki başına verim değerlerinin sıra arası mesafenin artışıyla arttığını ortaya koymuştur. İki yılın ortalamalarına göre çemen populasyonlarında bitki boyu 25,7 ile 39,5 cm, bakla sayısı 9,4 ile 14,0 adet bitki-1, bakla uzunluğu 8,8 ile 12,0 cm, baklada tane sayısı 9,2 ile 11,1 adet bakla-1, bin tohum ağırlığı 17,3 ile 19,2 g, bitki başına verim ise 1,2 ile 1,4 g arasında değişim göstermiştir.This study was conducted to determinate effect of row spacing on yield and yield components in five fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) populations under Tekirdag (Turkey) ecological conditions. In experiment, totally five fenugreek populations, two of from Kayseri (Kayseri 3, Kayseri 4) and three of from Konya (Konya 6, Konya 7, Konya 8) regions were sown in three row spacing (20, 30 and 40 cm) in 2005 and 2006. Results indicated that populations from Konya region had higher yield per plant than that of population from Kayseri region under Tekirdag ecological conditions. In all populations, increasing row spacing resulted in increase in yield per plant. As means of two years, values of yield components and yield changed in the ranges of 25.7 to 39.5 cm in plant height, 9.4 to 14.0 pods in number of pods per plant, 8.8 to 12.0 cm in pod height, 9.2 to 11.1 seeds in number of seeds per pod, 17.3 to 19.2 g in 1000 seeds weight and 1.2 to 1.40 g in yield per plant, in fenugreek populations

Geleneksel Afganistan halısı üreten işletmelerin tedarik zinciri süreçlerindeki sorunları ve çözüm önerileri

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Bu araştırmada, Afganistan'daki halı sektöründe karşılaştığı güncel sorunlar ve zorluklar açıklanmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın içeriği, literatürün gözden geçirilmesi, politika bildirileri ve kamu ve özel kuruluşlar, halı üreticileri / dokumacılar ve satıcılar / tüccarlar ile yapılan görüşmelere dayanmaktadır. Halı sektörü yaygın kullanım alanı ile emtia pazarında önemli bir kalemdir. Fiyat ve ürün performansı açısından avantajı elinde bulunduran otomasyona bağlı ürünlerin yanında geleneksel ürünlere olan taleplerde günümüzde devam etmektedir. Halı sektörün el dokuması ürünleri lüks mallar olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Bu alanda Afganistan halıları sanatsal olarak önemli bir konumda yer almaktadır. Bu halı türü aranan nitelikte bir ürün olmasına rağmen yeteri kadar üretim yapılamamaktadır. Afganistan, köklü ve zengin geçmişiyle geleneksel halı ve kilim ürünleri ile öne çıkan bir ülkedir. Diğer Asya halı üreticileri ve ihracatçılarının rekabeti, markalaşma ve pazar bağlantısının olmaması, finansmana erişim eksikliği, düşük kaliteli hammaddeler, yetersiz kesim ve yıkama tesisleri, pazar araştırması ve sınırlı eğitim, yolsuzluk, işsizlik ve yoksulluk durumu sektörün belli başlı sorunlarıdır. Bu araştırmanın amacı geleneksel Afganistan halısı üretiminden müşteriye ulaşımına kadarki süreçte tüm tedarik zincirinin incelenmesi varsa sorunlu alanların bulunması ve çözüm yolları önerilmesidir. Çalışmada Afganistan Halı üretiminde önemli bir merkez olan Faryab ilindeki işletmeler ve tedarik zinciri halkaları incelenecektir. Sanayinin bulunmadığı ve bölgede üretim potansiyeli olarak en güçlü olan el sanatlarının tedarik zinciri perspektifinden ele alınması, sorunlarının ortaya konulması konunun özgünlüğünü oluşturacaktır. Çalışma başlığını oluşturan Afganistan Faryab il merkezindeki ilgili meslek sahipleri, bu ürünlerin pazarlamacıları ve tedarikçileri önce odak grup çalışması ile sorunlar tespit edilecek. Elde edilen bilgiler literatür ile birleştirip yapılandırılmış mülakat yapılarak sonuçları DEMATEL yöntemiyle açıklanacaktır. Elde edilen veriler tedarik zincirinde karşılaşılan sorunlar ortaya konulacak, bu sorunlara yönelik literatürdeki çözüm yöntemleri eşleştirilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tedarik Zinciri, Tedarik Zinciri Sorunları, Geleneksel Afganistan Halısı, DEMATEL YöntemiIn this research, the recent problems and difficulties confronted by carpet sector of Afghanistan are explained. The content of this research encompasses the review of literature, policies of private and government organizations, carpet manufacturers, weavers and sellers, and carpet traders based on interview. Carpet sector is an essential element in commodity market with its widespread use. In addition to the automation-related products that have the advantage in terms of price and product performance, the demand for traditional products has also not decreased yet. Hand-woven products in the carpet industry are considered luxury goods. Afghanistan carpets have artfully acquired an important position in this area. Although this type of carpet is a desired product, there is not enough production. Afghanistan is a country with a rich history and traditional carpet and rug products. Competitive advantage of other Asian carpet manufacturers and exporters, lack of branding and marketing channels, lack of access to finance, low quality raw materials, insufficient cutting and washing facilities, market research and limited education, corruption, unemployment and poverty are the main problems of the sector. The aim of this study is to examine the whole supply chain from the process of production of traditional Afghanistan carpets to the sale to customers and, if any, to find the problematic areas and offer solutions. The study will examine the enterprises and supply chain rings in city Faryab, which is known as an important hub for production of carpets in Afghanistan. Handicrafts, which do not have any organized industry and are the most potent in terms of production potential in the region, are taken from the supply chain perspective that would eventually help in figuring out the nature of problems. Eventually the results inferred will be put together with literature and explained in the interview. The results will be explained by DEMATEL method. The problems encountered in the supply chain will be identified and the solution methods in the literature will be matched to these problems. Keywords: Supply Chain, Supply Chain Problems, Traditional Afghanistan Carpet, DEMATEL Metho

When Do Agencies Have Agency? Bureaucratic Noncompliance and Dynamic Lawmaking in United States Statutory Law, 1973-2010

This dissertation provides a novel evaluation of the extent to which, and the conditions under which United States administrative agencies are able to push policy toward their preferences rather than being wholly faithful to their legislative principals, in ways that I refer to as noncompliance. I evaluate this bureaucratic behavior in the context of the Environmental Protection Agency and the Department of Interior from 1973 to 2010. I collected extensive original data on institutional responses to these agency actions, and using these new data found robust support for the core separation-of-powers hypotheses that legislative-executive conflict, polarization in Congress, and disagreement with the delegating legislation powerfully contribute to agencies stepping outside their discretionary windows rather than exercising regulatory compliance. To evaluate the policy consequences of this bureaucratic behavior with respect to policy volatility and long-term bureaucratic discretion to implement public policy, I created an additional original dataset of statutory amendments to the legislation under the jurisdiction of the Environmental Protection Agency. I find strong support for noncompliance in the prior period leading Congress to considerably revise agency discretion in the way of adding specificity to the texts or imposing additional oversight provisions that constrain agency actions moving forward. Thus, agencies' willingness to step outside of their discretionary windows so as to achieve shorter-term policy goals has important longer-term consequences with respect to their range of discretion and the scope of administrative capacity in a world of bureaucratic governance. The dissertation has broad implications for our understanding of the factors shaping de facto policy outcomes in a conflictual separation-of-powers setting, and the evolving scope of the American administrative state

Análise jurídica da aplicação pela UGPP dos artigos 118 e 119 da lei de 2010 de 2019, aos trabalhadores independentes com firmes obrigações

Evasion of contributions to the Social Protection System in Colombia has been reduced from 24.19 trillion pesos in 2012 to 3.61 trillion pesos in 2021. That fall in evasion is the result of the implementation of persuasive actions and fiscal control processes by the Pension and Parafiscal Management Unit – (UGPP in Spanish). Additionally, the National Government has implemented a collection of strategies and mechanisms, such as the so-called tax benefits, that allow contributors to access interest and penalty reductions as long as they comply with the requirements established by the legislator. In that sense, one of the most iconic pieces of legislation in this aspect is Law 2010 of 2019, which established in its articles 118 and 119 the figures of judicial concili­ation and termination by mutual agreement. Also, per article 139, the Law allowed self-employed workers with a contract different from the provision of services modal­ity to whom the scheme of presumption of costs had been applied for the calculation of the Basic Contribution Income–IBC, through direct revocation, at the request of the worker or the government itself, to access the above reductions without prejudice to the obligation standing. In that line, we aim to present a legal categorization of the figures contained in the men­tioned articles of Law 2010 of 2019 from the point of view of the modes of extinction of the obligations and the effects caused by such figures in the tax system. As such, we find a 45,2 % fall in evasion in the health subsystem in 2019 followed by 38,4 % decrease in 2020, and 38,1 % decrease in 2021.La evasión en los aportes al Sistema de la Protección Social en Colombia se ha reduci­do de 24,19 billones de pesos en el 2012 a 3,61 billones en el 2021 como consecuencia de la implementación, por parte de la Unidad de Gestión Pensional y de Parafiscales (UGPP), de acciones persuasivas y procesos de fiscalización. Adicionalmente, se han implementado estrategias y mecanismos de recaudo, tales como los denominados be­neficios tributarios que permiten a los aportantes acceder a la reducción de intereses y sanciones siempre que cumplan con los requisitos exigidos por el legislador. Una de las leyes más icónicas en este aspecto ha sido la Ley 2010 de 2019 que estableció en sus artículos 118 y 119 las figuras de conciliación judicial y terminación por mutuo acuerdo, pero, además, conforme al artículo 139, permitió que los trabajadores independientes por cuenta propia y con contrato diferente al de prestación de servicios a quienes se les hubiere aplicado el esquema de presunción de costos para el cálculo del Ingreso Base de Cotización (IBC), vía revocatoria directa, a solicitud de parte o de oficio, accedieran a las mencionadas reducciones, sin perjuicio de que la obligación estuviera en firme. En ese orden de ideas, en el presente escrito se realiza una categorización jurídica de las figuras contenidas en los artículos mencionados de la Ley 2010 de 2019 desde el punto de vista de los modos de la extinción de las obligaciones y los efectos suscitados por dichas figuras en el sistema tributario dentro de los cuales se advierte una disminución en el porcentaje de evasión, en lo que respecta a los trabajadores independientes, en el subsistema de salud, pasando del 45,2 % en el año 2019 a 38,4 % en el año 2020 y 38,1 % en el 2021.A evasão nas contribuições para o Sistema de Proteção Social na Colômbia foi reduzi­da de 24,19 bilhões de pesos em 2012 para 3,61 bilhões em 2021, como resultado da implementação, pela Unidade de Gestão Previdenciária e Parafiscal–UGPP, de ações persuasivas e processos de controle. Adicionalmente, foram implementadas estratégias e mecanismos de cobrança, como os chamados benefícios fiscais que permitem aos contri­buintes ter acesso à redução de juros e multas desde que atendam às exigências exigidas pelo legislador. Uma das leis mais emblemáticas a este respeito foi a Lei 2010 de 2019, que estabeleceu nos seus artigos 118 e 119 as figuras de conciliação judicial e rescisão por mútuo acordo, mas também, de acordo com o artigo 139 ibid, permitiu aos trabal­hadores independentes e com contrato diverso de prestação de serviços a quem tenha sido aplicado o regime de presunção de custos para apuração da Renda Base de Contri­buição–IBC, mediante revogação direta, a requerimento de uma das partes ou de ofício, concordar com as referidas reduções, sem prejuízo do facto de a obrigação ser firme. Nessa ordem de ideias, neste escrito, é realizada uma categorização legal das figuras contidas nos artigos mencionados da Lei 2010 de 2019 do ponto de vista dos modos de extinção das obrigações e os efeitos causados por tais figuras no regime fiscal dentro do qual se verifica uma diminuição da percentagem de evasão, no que respeita aos trabalha­dores independentes, no subsistema de saúde, passando de 45,2 % em 2019 para 38,4 % em 2020 e 38,1 % em 2021

Arquitectura biocomputacional y evolución de ecosistemas biodiversos habitables

Tras diversas investigaciones respecto a la arquitectura desde un enfoque de la estética, se evidencia que los modelos clásicos de planeación urbana no dan respuesta al hábitat y a la habitabilidad, por lo que este trabajo de grado teórico-experimental se enfoca en investigar nuevas formas de estudios y proyecciones de la arquitectura biocomputacional bajo una metodología heurística transversal de modelaciones y simulaciones bioinformáticas, proyectando una simbiosis con ecosistemas biodiversos evolutivos, la vida artificial y el hábitat. Para el desarrollo del trabajo de grado se escogió el Humedal Santa María del Lago, al ser un ecosistema complejo dentro de la urbe, el cual presenta múltiples variables e interacciones para ser investigadas. En Primer lugar, se expone una descripción y localización del caso de estudio y la problemática. Se investiga el fenómeno de impactos sobre el ecosistema del humedal a través de la urbanización, hasta llegar al punto de su deterioro y se evidencia el problema. Consecutivamente se investigan los componentes del ecosistema del humedal como diversas variables para implementarlas en la propuesta de simulación. En el marco teórico epistemológico se profundiza en conceptos de la biología y la bioinformática sobre la vida del carbono y la artificial, junto con la economía azul y como pueden ser implementadas. La metodología heurística se despliega a través de procesos de simulaciones transversales, basados en estrategias de la vida como la autoorganización, para llegar a la propuesta, la cual emerge por la interacción de las especies de un ecosistema artificial, basado en inteligencia de enjambre.After several researches on architecture from an aesthetic perspective, it is evident that the classic models of urban planning do not give a response to habitat and habitability, so this theoretical-experimental work focuses on investigating new forms of studies And projections of the biocomputational architecture under a transversal heuristic methodology of bioinformatic modeling and simulations, projecting a symbiosis with evolutionary biodiverse ecosystems, artificial life and habitat. For the development of this work it was chosen the Wetland, Santa Maria del Lago, being a complex ecosystem within the city, which presents multiple variables and interactions to be investigated. Firstly, a description and location of the case study and the problem are presented. The phenomenon of impacts on the ecosystem of the wetland is investigated through urbanization, until it reaches the point of its deterioration and the problem is evidenced. Consecutively the components of the wetland ecosystem are investigated as diverse variables to be implemented in the simulation proposal. In the epistemological theoretical framework the concepts of biology and bioinformatics on carbon and artificial life are investigated, together with the blue economy and how they can be implemented. The heuristic methodology is deployed through transversal simulations, based on life strategies such as self-organization, to reach the proposal, which emerges through the interaction of the species of an artificial ecosystem, based on swarm intelligence.Arquitecto (a)Pregrad

The Role of Adenosine in Pulmonary Vein Isolation: A Critical Review

The cornerstone of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), which can be achieved in more than 95% of patients at the end of the procedure. However, AF recurrence rates remain high and are related to recovery of PV conduction. Adenosine testing is used to unmask dormant pulmonary vein conduction (DC). The aim of this study is to review the available literature addressing the role of adenosine testing and determine the impact of ablation at sites of PV reconnection on freedom from AF. Adenosine infusion, by restoring the excitability threshold, unmasks reversible injury that could lead to recovery of PV conduction. The studies included in this review suggest that adenosine is useful to unmask nontransmural lesions at risk of reconnection and that further ablation at sites of DC is associated with improvement in freedom from AF. Nevertheless it has been demonstrated that adenosine is not able to predict all veins at risk of later reconnection, which means that veins without DC are not necessarily at low risk. The role of the waiting period in the setting of adenosine testing has also been analyzed, suggesting that in the acute phase adenosine use should be accompanied by enough waiting time