Commitment motor time in primary education first and second cycle physical education sessions

[Resumen] Los principales objetivos de esta investigación fueron describir el tipo de sesiones más habituales en las clases de educación física en función del tipo de agrupamientos de los alumnos y analizar el tiempo de compromiso motor (TCM) en función del tipo de sesión, curso escolar o la hora de práctica en alumnos de educación primaria. En este estudio participaron 264 niños y niñas. En total se registraron 176 sesiones de educación física mediante la herramienta de observación TiPEF que mostro unos valores excelentes de fiabilidad (Kappa de Cohen = 0,95-0,99). Las sesiones donde se utilizó un agrupamiento de gran grupo fueron las más utilizadas (33,5%) y las sesiones donde los agrupamientos fueron en grupos de 4, 8 y 12 participantes fueron las menos utilizadas (5,7% cada una). La duración media del TCM para todas las sesiones analizadas fue de 21,4 ± 3,8 min/sesión, lo que supone que un 67,2% del tiempo se destino a otras tareas que no implicaron práctica motriz. Los alumnos de primer curso fueron los que más TCM dispusieron por sesión y los de tercer curso los que menos (p < 0,01). En las sesiones de después del recreo y a primera hora de la tarde el TCM que tenían los alumnos fue mayor (p < 0,01) que en la última sesión de la mañana y de la tarde. Puede resultar imprescindible que las instituciones educativas y los profesores de educación física realicen acciones específicas encaminadas a aumentar el TCM en estas edades.[Abstract] The main objectives of this study were to describe the most common type of sessions in physical education classes depending on the type of students groupings and to analyze the time available for practice (TCM) depending on the type of meeting, school year or when students practice the first, second and third year of primary education. This study involved 264 children who were studying in the first, second and third year of primary education. A total of 176 physical education sessions were recorded by observation tool TiPEF which showed excellent reliability (Cohen's Kappa = 0.95 to 0.99). The sessions where a cluster of large group used were the most used (33.5%) and sessions where the clusters were in groups of 4, 8 and 12 participants were the least used (5.7% each). The mean duration of TCM for all sessions analyzed was 21.4 ± 3.8 min / session, meaning that 67.2% of the time bound for other tasks that did not involve driving practice. The freshmen were the most TCM arranged by session and the third year the least (p <0.01). In sessions after recess and early in the afternoon TCM having students was higher (p <0.01) than in the last session of the morning and afternoon. It can be essential that educational institutions and physical education teachers perform specific actions to increase the TCM at these age

Evaluación de la efectividad de distintos programas motores basados en la interferencia contextual en estudiantes de educación primaria

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar los efectos de distintos programas de intervención, aplicados en las clases de educación física y basados en la interferencia contextual (IC), en niños y niñas de tercer curso de educación primaria (9-10 años). 70 niños (35 chicos y 35 chicas) de un colegio público, que cursaban el tercer curso de educación primaria, participaron en el estudio. Los alumnos fueron divididos en cuatro grupos en función del tipo de programa de IC a realizar, siendo testada su capacidad de cambiar de dirección (Modified Agility Test, MAT) y aceleración (tiempo en el sprint de 5 y 15 m) antes y después de las 5 semanas de intervención. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la capacidad de cambiar de dirección entre el pretest y el postest en el grupo IC baja, en el grupo IC moderada y en el grupo IC variable y no ocurrió lo mismo con el grupo IC alta. Únicamente el grupo de IC baja mostró diferencias significativas entre el pretest y el postest en el sprint de 5 m y ninguno de los programas fue efectivo en la capacidad de aceleración de 15 m. Las características o rasgos de los programas de intervención basados en el nivel de interferencia contextual condicionaron los efectos producidos en la capacidad de aceleración y en el cambio de dirección.The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of different intervention programmes, applied in physical education classes and based on contextual interference (CI), in children in their 3rd year of primary education (9-10 years). Seventy children (35 boys and 35 girls) from a state school, who were in their third year of primary education, took part in the study. The school children were divided into four groups depending on the type of CI programme they were going to carry out. Their capacity to change direction (Modified Agility Test MAT) and acceleration capacity (time for a 5m and 15m sprint) were tested before and after the 5 week intervention. Significant differences were found in capacity to change direction capacity between the pre-test and post-test in the low CI group, the moderate CI group and the variable CI group, but not in the high CI group. Only the low CI group showed significant differences between the pre test and post-test in the 5m sprint and none of the programmes were effective on acceleration capacity in the 15m sprint. The features or characteristics of the intervention programmes based on the level of contextual interference conditioned the effects produced on acceleration and capacity to change direction.O objectivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos de distintos programas de intervenção, aplicados em aulas de educação física e baseados na interferência contextual (IC), em rapazes e raparigas do terceiro ano de educação primária (9-10 anos). 70 crianças (35 rapazes e 35 raparigas) de uma escola pública, que frequentavam o terceiro ano de educação primária, participaram no estudo. Os alunos foram divididos em quatro grupos em função do tipo de programa de IC a realizar, sendo testada a sua capacidade para mudar de direcção (Modified Agility Test, MAT) e aceleração (tempo em sprint de 5 e 15 m) antes e depois das 5 semanas de intervenção. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na capacidade de mudar de direcção entre o pré- teste e o pós-teste no grupo de IC baixa, no grupo IC moderada e no grupo IC variável, não ocorrendo o mesmo com o grupo IC alta. Unicamente o grupo de IC baixa revelou diferenças significativas entre o pré-teste e o pós-teste no sprint de 5 m e nenhum dos programas foi efectivo na capacidade de aceleração de 15 m. As características ou traços dos programas de intervenção baseados no nível de interferência contextual condicionaram os efeitos produzidos na capacidade de aceleração e na mudança de direção

Analysis of cardiac response of soccer referees in competition: a case study

][Resumen] Los objetivos de este estudio fueron, por un lado, examinar la respuesta cardiaca de un árbitro de fútbol tanto durante un test de campo incremental como durante dos partidos en un torneo nacional de categoría cadete, y por otro lado, determinar las zonas de intensidad del árbitro durante los partidos atendiendo a su FCmax individual. Un árbitro de fútbol de categoría nacional fue equipado con un pulsómetro (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finlandia) y su FC fue monitorizada durante la realización del Yo-Yo de recuperación intermitente nivel 1 (YYIR1) y durante dos partidos de un Torneo de Fútbol de categoría cadete. Las zonas de intensidad se establecieron atendiendo a la clasificación de Edwards (1993). La FCmax obtenida en el YYIR1 y en los partidos fue de 178 ppm y 161 ppm, respectivamente. Durante los partidos la FCmed registrada fue de 127 ± 1,03 ppm que corresponde a un 71,3% de la FCmax obtenida en el YYIR1. La distribución de la frecuencia cardiaca atendiendo a las zonas establecidas es la siguiente: 10 ± 1,95% (zona 1), 32 ± 1,65% (zona 2), 38 ± 5,14% (zona 3), 19 ± 4,31% (zona 4) y 1 ± 0,53% (zona 5). Los resultados obtenidos nos muestran que la FC más alta alcanzada en partidos de categoría cadete es inferior a la alcanzada en el YYIR1. Además, se observa que la carga interna, medida mediante FC obtenida en partidos, es inferior a la reportada en otros estudios con árbitros en partidos de categoría sénior[Abstract] The aims of this study were: at first, to examine the cardiac response of an soccer referee both during an incremental field test and during two matches in a national Tournament Under 16 (U16), and secondly, to identify the different intensities of the soccer referee during the matches attending to his maximal heart rate (HRmax). A soccer referee of national competitive-level was equipped with a heart rate monitor (Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland) and the HR was monitored during the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery level 1 (YYIR1) and during two matches of U16 National Tournament. The intensities were established attending to Edwards classification (1993). The average of HR (HRav) obtained in the YYIR1 and in the matches was 178 bpm and 161 bpm, respectively. HRav registered during matches was 127 ± 1.03 bpm approximately at 71.3% of FCmax obtained in the YYIR1. The percentage of time spent at different intensities during the matches was: 10 ± 1.95% (zone 1), 32 ± 1.65% (zone 2), 38 ± 5.14% (zone 3), 19 ± 4.31% (zone 4) y 1 ± 0.53% (zone 5). Our findings show that the highest HR reached during matches, is lower than HRmax registered during the YYIR1. Likewise, we can observe that internal match load, measured as a FC obtained during matches, is lower than the results of other studies during senior competitive-level matches

Análisis de la satisfacción laboral percibida por los trabajadores pertenecientes al sector deportivo: una revisión sistemática

The aim of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the existing scientific information on job satisfaction as perceived by workers or professionals in sports organisations. This systematic review followed the considerations established by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The present systematic review included published research papers whose subject matter was related to the job satisfaction of the worker or professional in the field of sport and especially in municipal sports services. After an initial papers analysis of 168 articles, we excluded those that did not meet the inclusion criteria (n = 147); thereby, we obtained the final selection of 18 articles. The results of this study seem to indicate that the job satisfaction of workers or professionals in sports organisations is fairly moderate and that there may also be differences depending on gender, type of work and the sector (public or private) to which they belong. Furthermore, the results analysed in this systematic review show that there is no uniformity in the evaluation systems for measuring workers' job satisfaction.El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una revisión sistemática sobre de la información científica existente referente a la satisfacción laboral percibida por el trabajador o profesional de entidades deportivas. La presente revisión sistemática siguió las consideraciones establecidas por Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). En la presente revisión sistemática se incluyeron los estudios publicados cuya temática estuviera relacionada con la satisfacción laboral del trabajador o profesional en el ámbito deportivo y especialmente en los servicios deportivos municipales. Tras un primer análisis de trabajos donde se identificaron 168 artículos, se excluyeron aquellos que no cumplieran los criterios de inclusión (n = 147) y así, se obtuvo la selección definitiva de 18 artículos. Los resultados de este estudio parecen indicar que la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores o profesionales de entidades deportivas en su mayoría es moderada, y que además pueden existir diferencias en función del sexo, del tipo de trabajo y del sector (público o privado) al que pertenezcan. Por otro lado, de los resultados analizados en la presente revisión sistemática se desprende que no existe uniformidad en los sistemas de evaluación para medir la satisfacción laboral de los trabajadores.&nbsp

Heart Rate Response, Temporal Structure and the Stroke Technique Distribution in Table Tennis National Category Matches

The aims of this study were to analyze the heart rate response, the game temporal structure (i.e., mean total time of the matches, real playing time, total rest time) and the stroke technique distribution and to describe its relations in the table tennis national category in simulated competitions. A cohort of 60 table tennis male players (22.06 ± 8.32 years) played 30 simulated matches. The obtained results show a mean heart rate (HRmean) of 142.69 ± 14.10 bpm and a peak heart rate (HRpeak) of 167.26 ± 16.51 bpm. Total strokes were 7505, being the 57.88% and 42.12% forehand and backhand strokes, respectively. The most frequent forehand strokes were service (SERV) (33.13%) and forward spin technique (SPIN) (40.75%) stroke types, with the left quadrant of the table away from the net (Z_5) (25%) and right quadrant of the table away from the net (Z_6) (20.72%) being the most frequent ball bouncing placements. Meanwhile, the most frequent backhand strokes were backspin technique (PUSH) (42.74%) and SPIN (31.86%) stroke types, with the intermediate left quadrant of the table (Z_3) (17.21%), Z_5 (31.22%) and Z_6 (18.54%) being the most frequent ball placements. The mean total time of the matches was 15.74 ± 3.82 min, the mean real playing time was 4.14 ± 1.47 min and the total rest time was 11.60 ± 2.67 min. Heart rate variables did not correlate significantly with the different stroke types or the game temporal variables (p > 0.05). However, stroke types and game temporal structure variables were significantly correlated (p < 0.01). This information can be useful to reveal players’ strengths and weaknesses and prepare subsequent training sessions, adapting training sessions to the needs of the athletes

Influence of Pitch Size on Short-Term High Intensity Actions and Body Impacts in Soccer Sided Games

The aim of this study was to compare external training loads between small-sided games (SSGs) and largesided games (LSGs) in soccer players. Twenty outfield soccer players (14.8 ± 0.6 years old) who competed in the Spanish U16 Provincial Division and belonged to the same team participated in the study. The soccer sided games were played at different individual interaction space (IIS) per player (i.e., SSG = 100 m2 and LSG = 200 m2) and were disputed in the same format (five-a-side plus goalkeepers) on two different pitch sizes (i.e., 38 x 26 vs. 53 x 37 m) defending an official soccer-goal. The sided games' duration was 4 bouts of 6 min with 2 min rest intervals between bouts. The results of this study showed no meaningful differences in the total distance and intensity of accelerations and decelerations between SSGs and LSGs except for the lower distance covered at medium intensity (2.5 - 4 m·s-2) observed during LSGs (-10.2%; ES (effect size): -0.51). Players registered greater sprints, maximum velocity (Velmax) and body impacts at different intensities (i.e., I5-6g, I6-6.5g, I6.5-7g, I7-8g, I8-10g,) in LSGs in comparison to SSGs. These findings suggest that an increase in the pitch size (i.e., IIS per player) can induce higher external loads for soccer players.The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of a Spanish government subproject Mixed method approach on performance analysis (in training and competition) in elite and academy sport [PGC2018-098742-B-C33] (2019-2021), from Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCIU), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), that is part of the coordinated project New approach of research in physical activity and sport from mixed methods perspective (NARPAS_MM) [SPGC201800X098742CV0

Is a Maximal Strength-Training Program Effective on Physical Fitness, Injury Incidence, and Injury Burden in Semi-Professional Soccer Players? A Randomized Controlled Trial

The aims of the study were to analyze the effects of a 12-week maximal strength- training program on injury incidence, injury burden, and physical fitness in semi-professional soccer players and to compare the perceived exertion load and well-being state between injured and non-injured soccer players. Twenty semi-professional male soccer players participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (EG, n = 10 players), who performed a maximal strength-training program, or to a control group (CG, n = 10 players), who only performed their regular soccer training. Physical fitness was measured at baseline and after the training program. In addition, the injury incidence, burden, training/match load, and the state of well-being of the players were recorded. The EG showed significant improvements in vertical jumps, change in direction ability, linear sprints, repeated sprint ability, isometric strength (p < 0.003; effect size = 1.78–11.86), and quadriceps–hamstring imbalance in both legs (p < 0.001; effect size = 2.37–3.71) in comparison to the CG. In addition, the EG players showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower injury burden (p < 0.001, relative risk = 5.05, 95% confidence interval = 3.27–7.79). This study demonstrated the beneficial effects of a 12-week maximal strength-training program on physical fitness attributes and injury burden in semi-professional soccer players.Javier Raya-González was supported by a Ramón y Cajal postdoctoral fellowship (RYC2021-031072-I) given by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the State Research Agency (AEI), and the European Union (NextGenerationEU/PRTR)

Physical Fitness Profiling of National Category Table Tennis Players: Implication for Health and Performance

The aims of this study were to: (1) analyze table tennis players’ physical profiles considering and comparing players age categories (i.e., under U12, U14, U16, U20, Senior and Older); and (2) to quantify the correlations among the variables measured by each test. Seventy-one table tennis players (61 men and 10 women, 19.7 ± 11.23 years, 1.65 ± 0.13 m, 59.71 ± 17.72 kg and 21.60 ± 4.22 kg/m2) divided into six age groups, performed a sprint test, forearm isometric strength test, countermovement vertical test, countermovement horizontal test, change of direction ability (CODA) test and flexibility test. U14 players performed better than U12 in all tests (ES = −0.70 to 1.98, moderate to large) except in Sit and Reach (SAR) test (ES = 0.19, trivial). The U16 group also obtained better results than U14 in all tests (ES = 0.77 to −2.31, moderate to large) except for the SAR test (ES = 0.19, trivial). The U20 group performed better than U16 in all the tests (ES = 0.73 to −1.53, moderate to large) except for the 5 m sprint test (ES = −0.02, trivial), 10 m sprint test (ES = −0.51, moderate) and SAR (ES = 0.11, trivial). Differences between Senior and U20 were only found in the arm swing counter movement jump (CMJAS) (ES = −0.82, large) and modified agility test (MAT) (ES = 1.19, large), with the U20 group being better in both variables. The senior group performed better in the MAT test than the older group (ES = 0.94, large). The relation found between forearm isometric strength, vertical jump, horizontal jump, sprint and CODA ability (r = −0.53; ±0.14, 0/0/100, most likely to r = 0.83; ±0.06, 100/0/0, most likely) indicates that these capacities are related in table tennis players. Nevertheless, the lack of association between the sit and reach test with the other capacities may indicate that flexibility is an independent capacity

Effects of including endurance and speed sessions withinsmall-sided soccer games periodization on physical fitness

The main aim of this study was to analyse the effects of including additional speed and endurance sessions during small-sided games (SSG) training periodization on physical fitness in professional soccer players. Sixteen outfield players (age = 25.6 +/- 7.6 years) who competed in the First Division of a European League participated in this study. Players were randomly assigned to perform only the SSG periodization (G-SSG group) or to add endurance and speed training contents to the SSG (ES-SSG group). Before and after the 6-week experimental period, a Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test level 1 (YYIR1) and a 40 m sprinting test were performed. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was also measured after each training session. The G-SSG group showed a large improvement in the YYIR1 performance (p = 0.018-0.028; ES = 0.521-0.576) after the training programme, whereas no significant changes were observed for the ES-SSG group (p = 0.763-1.000; ES = 0.000-0.014). In addition, no significant differences (p > 0.05, ES = 0.005-361, trivial to small) in sprint performance at 5 and 10 m intervals up to 40 m were observed at post-training in comparison to pre-training evaluation in G-SSG and ES-SSG groups. No significant differences (p > 0.05) between groups were observed at baseline in the YYIR1 test. The 6-week SSG training supported with only six endurance and speed training sessions was no more effective than well-organized SSG alone for improving running endurance in professional soccer players.The project leading to these results has received funding from "La Caixa" Foundation (ID 100010434) and La Caja de Burgos, under agreement LCF/PR/PR18/51130008. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of a Spanish government subproject Mixed method approach on performance analysis (in training and competition) in elite and academy sport [PGC2018-098742-B-C33] (2019-2021) [del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades (MCIU), la Agencia Estatal de Investigacion (AEI) y el Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER)], that is part of the coordinated project New approach of research in physical activity and sport from mixed methods perspective (NARPAS_MM) [SPGC201800X098742CV0]

Effects of Nutrition Education Interventions in Team Sport Players. A Systematic Review

Considering nutrition education interventions have been frequently implemented in team sport athletes and have shown promising results, this study aimed to summarize the effects of nutrition education interventions on eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance in team sport athletes. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and SPORTDiscus. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria for the review. The methodological quality of included studies was evaluated, and each study was assessed according to the analyzed variables (i.e., eating habits, nutrition knowledge, body composition, and physical performance). Most studies showed improvements in or maintenance of variables used to indicate eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. However, limited studies examined the effect of nutrition education interventions on physical performance, with existing studies demonstrating disparate results. These findings suggest implementation of nutrition education interventions in team sport athletes could be an effective strategy to improve their eating habits, nutrition knowledge, and body composition. Due to the heterogeneity across the included studies regarding sport modality, competition level, age, and sex of the athletes investigated, as well as the intervention type adopted (i.e., online or face-to-face), it is difficult to establish optimal nutrition education interventions for each analyzed variable.The research leading to these results has received funding from “la Caixa” Foundation and Caja de Burgos Foundation, under agreement LCF/PR/PR18/51130008