Extracción asistida por microondas de compuestos no polares de cáscaras de pistacho y caracterización de los extractos

Soxhlet and microwave assisted extraction (MAE) methods were used to obtain non-polar compounds from pistachio hull. MAE parameters (liquid to solid ratio, microwave power, and extraction time) were studied to obtain maximum extraction yield. The optimal conditions were found to be liquid to solid ratio of 15:1 (v/w), microwave power of 250 W and extraction time of 12.5 min. The extraction yields were 9.81 and 9.50% for MAE and Soxhlet methods, respectively. The total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and tocopherol content of the extract obtained by MAE was found to be significantly higher than those of the Soxhlet extract (p < 0.05). The results showed that the extract contained α-tocopherols (567.65 mg/kg) and oleic acid (48.46%) as the major tocopherols and fatty acids. These findings propose that hull extracts can be considered as a good source of natural bioactive compounds and MAE can be a good alternative to the traditional Soxhlet method.Se utilizó la extracción mediante Soxhlet y métodos de extracción asistida mediante microondas (MAE) para obtener compuestos no polares de las cascaras de pistacho. Se estudiaron los parámetros para la MAE (relación líquido-sólido, potencia de microondas y tiempo de extracción) para obtener el máximo rendimiento de la extracción. Se encontró que las condiciones óptimas eran una relación líquido a sólido de 15:1 (v/p), potencia de microondas de 250 W y un tiempo de extracción de 12,5 minutos. Los rendimientos de extracción fueron 9.81 y 9.50% para los métodos MAE y Soxhlet, respectivamente. El contenido fenólico total, la actividad antioxidante y el contenido de tocoferoles de los extractos obtenidos por MAE fueron significativamente más altos que los de los extractos de Soxhlet (p < 0,05). Los resultados muestran que el extracto contiene α-tocoferol (567.65 mg/kg) y ácido oleico (48.46%) como los principales tocoferoles y ácidos grasos, respectivamente. Estos hallazgos proponen que los extractos de las cascaras pueden considerarse como una buena fuente de compuestos bioactivos naturales y MAE puede ser una buena alternativa al método Soxhlet tradicional

Acidolisis de aceite de pistacho con los ácidos palmítico y caprílico en un reactor de recirculación de lecho compacto: optimización mediante metodología de superficie de respuesta

The acidolysis reaction of terebinth fruit oil with caprylic and palmitic acid has been investigated. The reaction was catalyzed by lipase (Lipozyme IM from Rhizomucormiehei) and carried out in recirculating packed bed reactor. The effects of reaction parameters have been analyzed using response surface methodology. Reaction time (3.5–6.5 h), enzyme load (10–20%), substrate flow rate (4–8 mL·min-1) and substrate mole ratios (Terebinth oil : Palmitic acid : Caprylic acid, 1:1.83:1.22–1:3.07:2.05) were evaluated. The optimum reaction conditions were 5.9 h reaction time, 10% enzyme load, 4 mL·min-1 substrate flow rate and 1:3.10:2.07 substrate mole ratio. The structured lipid obtained at these optimum conditions had 52.23% desired triacylglycerols and a lower caloric value than that of terebinth fruit oil. The melting characteristics and microstructure of the structured lipid were similar to those of commercial margarine fat extracts. The results showed that the structured lipid had the highest oxidative stability among the studied fats.Se ha investigado la reacción de acidolisis del aceite de pistacho con los ácidoscaprílico y palmítico. La reacción fue catalizada por la lipasa Lipozyme IM de Rhizomucormiehei y realizada mediante recirculación del reactor de lecho compacto. Los efectos de los parámetros de la reacción han sido analizados mediante el uso de la metodología de superficie de respuesta. El tiempo de reacción (3.5 hasta 6.5 h), la carga de enzima (10–20%), el caudal de sustrato (4–8 mL·min-1) relaciones molares de los sustrato (aceite de pistacho: ácido palmítico: ácido caprílico, 1: 1,83: 1,22–1: 3,07: 2,05) fueron evaluados. Las condiciones óptimas de reacción fueron 5,9 h de tiempo de reacción, el 10% de carga de la enzima, 4 mL·min-1 de caudal de sustrato y 1: 3,10: 2,07 de relación molar de sustratos. Los lípidos estructurados obtenidos en las condiciones óptimas tenías 52,23% de triacilgliceroles deseados y un valor calórico menor que la de encina aceite de la fruta. Características de fusión y microestructura de lípido estructurado fueron similares a las de los extractos de grasa margarina comerciales. Los resultados mostraron que el lípido estructurado tenía una estabilidad oxidativa más alta entre las grasas estudiadas

Acidolysis of terebinth fruit oil with palmitic and caprylic acids in a recirculating packed bed reactor: optimization using response surface methodology

The acidolysis reaction of terebinth fruit oil with caprylic and palmitic acid has been investigated. The reaction was catalyzed by lipase (Lipozyme IM from <em>Rhizomucormiehei</em>) and carried out in recirculating packed bed reactor. The effects of reaction parameters have been analyzed using response surface methodology. Reaction time (3.5–6.5 h), enzyme load (10–20%), substrate flow rate (4–8 mL·min^-1) and substrate mole ratios (Terebinth oil : Palmitic acid : Caprylic acid, 1:1.83:1.22–1:3.07:2.05) were evaluated. The optimum reaction conditions were 5.9 h reaction time, 10% enzyme load, 4 mL·min^-1 substrate flow rate and 1:3.10:2.07 substrate mole ratio. The structured lipid obtained at these optimum conditions had 52.23% desired triacylglycerols and a lower caloric value than that of terebinth fruit oil. The melting characteristics and microstructure of the structured lipid were similar to those of commercial margarine fat extracts. The results showed that the structured lipid had the highest oxidative stability among the studied fats.<br><br>Se ha investigado la reacción de acidolisis del aceite de pistacho con los ácidoscaprílico y palmítico. La reacción fue catalizada por la lipasa Lipozyme IM de <em>Rhizomucormiehei</em> y realizada mediante recirculación del reactor de lecho compacto. Los efectos de los parámetros de la reacción han sido analizados mediante el uso de la metodología de superficie de respuesta. El tiempo de reacción (3.5 hasta 6.5 h), la carga de enzima (10–20%), el caudal de sustrato (4–8 mL·min^-1) relaciones molares de los sustrato (aceite de pistacho: ácido palmítico: ácido caprílico, 1: 1,83: 1,22–1: 3,07: 2,05) fueron evaluados. Las condiciones óptimas de reacción fueron 5,9 h de tiempo de reacción, el 10% de carga de la enzima, 4 mL·min^-1 de caudal de sustrato y 1: 3,10: 2,07 de relación molar de sustratos. Los lípidos estructurados obtenidos en las condiciones óptimas tenías 52,23% de triacilgliceroles deseados y un valor calórico menor que la de encina aceite de la fruta. Características de fusión y microestructura de lípido estructurado fueron similares a las de los extractos de grasa margarina comerciales. Los resultados mostraron que el lípido estructurado tenía una estabilidad oxidativa más alta entre las grasas estudiadas

Low-Weight Primes for Lightweight Elliptic Curve Cryptography on 8-bit AVR Processors

Small 8-bit RISC processors and micro-controllers based on the AVR instruction set architecture are widely used in the embedded domain with applications ranging from smartcards over control systems to wireless sensor nodes. Many of these applications require asymmetric encryption or authentication, which has spurred a body of research into implementation aspects of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) on the AVR platform. In this paper, we study the suitability of a special class of finite fields, the so-called Optimal Prime Fields (OPFs), for a "lightweight" implementation of ECC with a view towards high performance and security. An OPF is a finite field Fp defined by a prime of the form p = u*2^k + v, whereby both u and v are "small" (in relation to 2^k) so that they fit into one or two registers of an AVR processor. OPFs have a low Hamming weight, which allows for a very efficient implementation of the modular reduction since only the non-zero words of p need to be processed. We describe a special variant of Montgomery multiplication for OPFs that does not execute any input-dependent conditional statements (e.g. branch instructions) and is, hence, resistant against certain side-channel attacks. When executed on an Atmel ATmega processor, a multiplication in a 160-bit OPF takes just 3237 cycles, which compares favorably with other implementations of 160-bit modular multiplication on an 8-bit processor. We also describe a performance-optimized and a security-optimized implementation of elliptic curve scalar multiplication over OPFs. The former uses a GLV curve and executes in 4.19M cycles (over a 160-bit OPF), while the latter is based on a Montgomery curve and has an execution time of approximately 5.93M cycles. Both results improve the state-of-the-art in lightweight ECC on 8-bit processors

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Examining Activities in a Fifth Grade Science Textbook with Respect to Data

Bu çalışmanın amacı ortaokul beşinci sınıf fen bilimleri ders kitabında veri etkinliklerinin nasıl ele alındığının incelemektir. Özellikle, çalışmanın amacı ders kitabında yer alan etkinliklerin ne ölçüde verilerin toplanması, temsil edilmesi, analiz edilmesi ve bu verilerden yola çıkarak tahmin ve çıkarımda bulunulmasını gerektirdiğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Bu amaçla Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Talim Terbiye Kurulu'nun onayladığı ve 2015-2016 öğretim yılında bütün ortaokullarda okutulması zorunlu olan beşinci sınıf fen bilimleri ders kitabı incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında nitel araştırma yaklaşımı benimsenmiş ve veri toplama yöntemi olarak doküman incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile veri kaynağı, veri temsili, veri analizi ve veriden tahminde bulunma temaları altında kodlanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulguları ders kitabının özellikle verilerin toplanması, temsili ve verilerden yola çıkarak tahminde bulunma hususlarında öğrencilere yeterli fırsat tanımadığını göstermiştirThe purpose of this study was to examine the nature of data activities in the fifth grade middle school science textbook in Turkey. Specifically, the aim was to reveal the extent to which the middle school science textbook activities provide opportunities for students to collect, represent and analyze data, and make predictions and inferences using those data. For this purpose, the fifth grade science textbook which was offered by National Ministry of Education in 2015-2016 academic year was examined. A qualitative approach was adopted in the study and document analysis was utilized. The data utilized in this study were coded under the data source, data representation, data analyses, and inferences from the data themes with content analyses. The findings of the study indicated that the textbook provides limited opportunities for students to collect and represent data, and make predictions and inferences using those dat

Bir Ortaokul Matematik Öğretmeninin WebQuestin Uygulamasına Yönelik Görüşü

Bu çalışmada bir WebQuest etkinliğini sınıfında ilk defa uygulayan bir ortaokul matematik öğretmeninin WebQuestin uygulama sürecine ve öğrencileri üzerinde bıraktığı etkisine yönelik görüşü incelenmiştir. Çalışmaya katılan öğretmen histogram konusuna yönelik hazırlamış olduğu bir WebQuest etkinliğini 8. sınıf öğrencilerine proje ödevi olarak uygulamıştır. Bu çalışma olgubilim araştırması olarak tasarlanmış olup, veriler öğretmenle uygulama sırasında ve sonunda yapılan görüşmelerden ve uygulama sonunda öğrencilerle yapılan görüşmeler ve öğrenci sunumlarının gözlemlenmesi yoluyla toplanmıştır. Çalışma bulguları, WebQuest uygulamasının öğrencilerin motivasyonuna, özgüvenlerine olumlu katkıda bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Elde edilen öğretmen görüşleri, WebQuestlerin proje ve performans ödevi olarak uygulanabileceğini ve ortaokul matematik öğretim programını desteklediğini ortaya koymuştur

Cicular external fixation system of ilizarov: Part VI. Complications of Ilizarov technique

Ortopedi ve travmatoloji biliminin birçok patolojisinde (kırıklar, psöydoartrozlar, boy eşitsizlikleri vs.) eksternal fiksatörlerden (EF) faydalanılmaktadır. Eksternal fıksatörle sağaltım, ortopedide en yüksek komplikasyona sahip konulardan biridir. Komplikasyon oram uygulanan tekniğe, cerrahın deneyimine ve uygulama endikasyonuna bağlı olarak % 1-300 arasında değişmektedir. Ilizarov Tekniği'nin her geçen gün kullanım sahasının artması ve komplikasyonlarının çeşitliliği nedeniyle sınıflandırılması güç olmaktadır. Bu konuda günümüze kadar bir çok sınıflandırma yapılmıştır. Eksternal fiksasyona ilişkin komplikasyonlar; istenmeyen, sağaltım planında değişikliğe yol açan, sonuçları değiştiren durum olarak açıklanmıştır ve sorunlar, engeller 've gerçek komplikasyonlar (majör, minör ve sekel) olarak sınıflan-dırılmıştır. Diğer bir sınıflandırmada ise; majör ve minör komplikasyonlar olarak nitelendirilmiştir. Bu derlemede, Ilizarov'un Sirküler Eksternal Fiksasyon Sistemi'nin uygulanması esnasında karşılaşılan problemler, engeller ye komplikasyonlar ile bunların sağaltım seçeneklerinin detaylı olarak sunulması amaçlanmıştır.External fixators have been used in many pathologies (fractures, pseudoarthrosis, length inequality etc.)treatment by external fixator is one of topics that has the highest complications in orthopaedics. The complication rates are ranged from % 1-300 depending on techniques, surgeon's experience and indications. Because of the increase in the variety of application and complications, the classification of Ilizarov Technique is getting difficult. Many classifications has been performed related with this matter. The complications of external fixators have been described as a matter which is undesirable, causes alteration in the treatment plan, and changes the result and classified as problems, obstacles and complications (major, minor, sequel). Also complications have been described as major and minor complications. The aim of this review article is to report problems, obstacles and complications and options of treatment in details encountered in the Circular External Fixator System of Ilizarov

Application of textile waste derived biochars onto cotton fabric for improved performance and functional properties

This study investigated the use of textile waste based biochars as fabric additives to improve the clothing performance and impart functional properties to textile materials. For this purpose, cotton, cotton/polyester and acrylic textile wastes were carbonized at low temperature and derived biochars were applied onto cotton fabrics by conventional printing method Moisture transfer, drying properties, water vapor and air permeability and odor adsorption capability of biochar printed fabrics were investigated by using of several methods. Biochar finishing provided a slight hydrophobic effect on the printed face of the cotton fabrics; therefore, a double-face textile structure could be obtained in terms of hydrophilic/hydrophobic behavior. With this feature, it was revealed that the addition of biochars improved the moisture transfer, accelerated the drying and increased the water vapor permeability. In addition, the obtained data showed that cotton/polyester fabric derived biochar printed fabrics had odor masking properties. As a result, it was shown that odor masking functional textile materials with high thermophysiological comfort can be produced by the recycling of textile wastes into biochar and application onto textile fabrics. © 2019 Elsevier Lt