Electron acceleration at a low-Mach-number perpendicular collisionless shock

A full particle simulation study is carried out on the electron acceleration at a collisionless, relatively low Alfven Mach number (M_A=5), perpendicular shock. Recent self-consistent hybrid shock simulations have demonstrated that the shock front of perpendicular shocks has a dynamic rippled character along the shock surface of low-Mach-number perpendicular shocks. In this paper, the effect of the rippling of perpendicular shocks on the electron acceleration is examined by means of large-scale (ion-scale) two-dimensional full particle simulations. It has been shown that a large-amplitude electric field is excited at the shock front in association with the ion-scale rippling, and that reflected ions are accelerated upstream at a localized region where the shock-normal electric field of the rippled structure is polarized upstream. The current-driven instability caused by the highly-accelerated reflected ions has a high growth rate to large-amplitude electrostatic waves. Energetic electrons are then generated by the large-amplitude electrostatic waves via electron surfing acceleration at the leading edge of the shock transition region. The present result suggests that the electron surfing acceleration is also a common feature at low-Mach-number perpendicular collisionless shocks.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, ApJ in press. The paper with full resolution images is http://theo.phys.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~ryo/papers/shock_lowM.pd

MUTUAL SUPPORT IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FOR EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION IN ACEH BESAR, INDONESIA

On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, which had its epicenter off the northern coast of Sumatra, was followed by a series of huge tsunami waves, which caused considerable damage to many coastal communities in Asia. In Indonesia, Aceh and North Sumatra suffered the greatest. Many residents rapidly lost their families, homes, fishing boats, farmland, well-being, and self-confidence. Numerous donors provided considerable support, and many victims gradually recovered. Through these tremendous efforts, the victims have gradually regained their well-being; in the over fifteen years since the tsunami, reconstruction has resulted in sustainable community development. This study aimed to determine how the victims have rebuilt their livelihoods and how communities have supported them. The fieldwork comprised interviews with key members of affected local communities in Aceh Besar District in 2006–2018. Some respondents were selected for interview and focus group discussions. This study examines the recovery process, how victims developed social relations, and how they were encouraged and developed self-confidence and independence. The results showed that for the victims, the most important factors in the reconstruction were (1) a firm relationship with family and relatives and (2) a strong sense of community. This study found that women’s activities were supported by Panglima Laot Lhok (fishing communities’ leaders), Toke Bangku (financial traders), and a fish processing association. Those actors were important for the economic, financial, and social institutions in the community. Mutual support in the community and indigenous institutions played roles in strengthening social resilience. The income-generating activities in the mutual system empowered victims—especially women—and their families. The victims developed a feeling of self-confidence and independence that has gradually increased. Through community-based activities, the victims improved their livelihoods. 

SUSTAINABLE STRATEGY ON MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING OF TIWORO ARCHIPELAGIC

Sustainable marine spatial planning in small islands requires a more comprehensive management strategy. Unsustainable use problems and issues in both land and seascape need a strategic formulation to manage Tiworo Small Island in the future. This study aimed to formulate the strategy for sustainable marine spatial planning of the Tiworo Small Islands. The rapid Appraisal for Land Use (Raplanduse) method was used to assess the sustainability and sensitivity of the attributes used in this study. The formulation of management strategies was carried out based on the levels of influence and dependence on sensitive attributes analyzed by the prospective analysis method. The results showed that the sustainable use of small islands in the Tiworo Islands varied, ranging from good, bad to less sustainable. Sensitive attributes observed in the ecological dimension were suspended solid materials and seawater surface temperature. In the social dimension, the sensitive attributes assessed were the conflict incidence among residents and human resources. Attributes observed in the economic dimension were income level, availability of business capital, and fisheries catch production. In the legal and institutional dimensions, the sensitive attributes observed were land ownership status and area zoning. Strategic management was developed based on these sensitive attributes, including increasing community adaptation capacity, controlling land-use in watershed areas in the mainland, developing business diversification, regulating spatial utilization, and improving the quality of human resources.Kompleksitas persoalan lingkungan dan kesejahteraan masyarakat di Kepulauan Tiworo menuntut adanya strategi kebijakan pengelolaan ruang yang lebih komprehensif. Isu pemanfaatan secara tidak berkelanjutan adalah faktor utama yang membutuhkan penanganan berupa formulasi strategi pengelolaan pulau kecil di Kepulauan Tiworo. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi kebijakan pengelolaan ruang pulau-pulau kecil yang berkelanjutan. Metode yang digunakan untuk menilai keberlanjutan dan sensitivitas atribut adalah metode Rapid Appraisal for Land Use (Raplanduse). Strategi kebijakan pengelolaan dilakukan berdasarkan tingkat pengaruh dan ketergantungan atribut-atribut sensitif yang dianalisis dengan analisis prospektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat keberlanjutan pemanfaatan ruang pulau-pulau kecil di Kepulauan Tiworo cukup bervariasi, mulai dari kategori baik, buruk, hingga kategori kurang berkelanjutan. Atribut sensitif dalam dimensi ekologi adalah material padatan tersuspensi, dan suhu permukaan laut. Dalam dimensi sosial atribut yang sensitif adalah kejadian konflik, dan sumber daya manusia. Dalam dimensi ekonomi adalah atribut tingkat pendapatan, ketersediaan modal usaha, dan produksi tangkapan. Dalam dimensi hukum dan kelembagaan atribut yang sensitif adalah atribut status kepemilikan lahan, dan zonasi kawasan. Kebijakan pengelolaan berdasarkan atribut-atribut sensitif tersebut meliputi peningkatan kapasitas adaptasi masyarakat, mengendalikan pemanfaatan lahan di wilayah DAS di daratan, mengembangkan diversifikasi usaha, menertibkan penggunaan ruang, dan meningkatkan kualitas sumber daya manusia

Spindle Cell Hemangioendothelioma of the Temporal Muscle Resected with Zygomatic Osteotomy: A Case Report of an Unusual Intramuscular Lesion Mimicking Sarcoma

Spindle cell hemangioendothelioma (SCH) was originally described by Weiss and Enzinger (1986) as a low-grade angiosarcoma resembling both cavernous hemangioma and Kaposi's sarcoma. Recent studies suggest that SCH is a benign neoplasm or reactive lesion accompanying a congenital or acquired vascular malformation. Most SCHs present as one or more nodules affecting the dermis or subcutis of the distal extremities. Few reports describe SCH of the head and neck region; even fewer note intramuscular SCH. Here, we describe a case of SCH involving the temporal muscle mimicking soft tissue sarcoma, who had a successful surgical treatment with a coronal approach and zygomatic osteotomy

Mixed signals : employee reactions to talent status communication amidst strategic ambiguity

Given the sensitive nature of communicating talent status in an ‘exclusive’ talent management system and the complexity involved in simultaneously sending signals of exclusivity and inclusivity, some organisations avoid open communication and instead opt for ‘strategic ambiguity’ – intentionally maintaining an element of secrecy and information asymmetry. However, we know relatively little about the effects of this communication approach as a feature of the organisational context on the reactions of employees. Drawing on signalling theory, we examine the reactions of both talents and ‘B’ players on finding out about their talent status in the context of a company that adopts strategic ambiguity in its communication about talent. The data consists of 24 in-depth, qualitative interviews with individuals with experience of TM in a Finnish subsidiary of a large, US-based multinational corporation. The findings reveal that the contextual effects of strategic ambiguity in talent communication affected the reactions of talents and ‘B’ players in distinctly different ways, but had few long-term positive effects on the attitudes and behaviours of either group. These findings present important theoretical and practical implications for the role of communication and organisational context in employee reactions to talent pool inclusion and for talent management more generally.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Two-dimensional full particle simulation of a perpendicular collisionless shock with a shock-rest-frame model

A two-dimensional (2D) shock-rest-frame model for particle simulations is developed. Then full kinetic dynamics of a perpendicular collisionless shock is examined by means of a 2D full particle simulation. We found that in the 2D simulation there are fewer nonthermal electrons due to surfing acceleration which was seen in the previous 1D simulations of a high Mach number perpendicular shock in a low-beta and weakly magnetized plasma. This is because the particle motion along the ambient magnetic field disturbs the formation of coherent electrostatic solitary structures which is necessary for electron surfing acceleration.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figures, ApJL in press. The paper with full resolution images is http://theo.phys.sci.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/~ryo/papers/shock_rest_2D.pd

A HISTÓRIA DO IMPOSTO SOBRE CIRCULAÇÃO DE MERCADORIAS – DO IVM AO ICMS

RESUMO O tema tributação é quase tão antigo quanto a própria história da humanidade e, assim como a vida em sociedade, se desenvolveu e sofreu diversas modificações durante toda sua trajetória. Neste artigo não se tratará de toda a história da tributação, mas somente da evolução histórica do imposto mais importante dentro do contexto brasileiro, que pode ser considerado o centro de todas as discussões jurídicas e políticas quando o tema é a reforma tributária brasileira, o ICMS – Imposto sobre a Circulação de Mercadorias e Serviços de Transporte Intermunicipal e Interestadual, e de Comunicações. O intuito é apresentar o seu surgimento, o desenvolvimento, as nuances deste tributo ao longo da história e como este tributo se apresenta hoje dentro do contexto social em que vivem os brasileiros. PALAVRAS CHAVE: Tributo. Imposto. Valor Adicionado. Vendas. Circulação de Mercadoria. Consumo.   RESUMEN La imposición tema es casi tan antigua como la historia humana y así como la vida en la sociedad, se ha desarrollado y ha sido objeto de varios cambios a lo largo de su historia. Este artículo no se ocupa de la historia de los impuestos, pero sólo la evolución histórica del impuesto más importante en el contexto brasileño, que puede ser considerada como el centro de todas las discusiones jurídicas y políticas cuando el tema es la reforma tributaria brasileña, el ICMS - Impuesto sobre Circulación de mercancías y Servicios de Transporte y la Interestatal Intermunicipal y Comunicaciones. El objetivo es dar a conocer su origen, el desarrollo, los matices de este impuesto a lo largo de la historia y cómo este homenaje es hoy en día en el contexto social en el que los brasileños viven. PALABRAS CLAVE: Homenaje. Impuesto. Valor Añadido. Ventas. La circulación de mercancías. Consumo