Use of nanomaterials in the pretreatment of water samples for environmental analysis

The challenge of providing clean drinking water is of enormous relevance in today’s human civilization, being essential for human consumption, but also for agriculture, livestock and several industrial applications. In addition to remediation strategies, the accurate monitoring of pollutants in water sup-plies, which most of the times are present at low concentrations, is a critical challenge. The usual low concentration of target analytes, the presence of in-terferents and the incompatibility of the sample matrix with instrumental techniques and detectors are the main reasons that renders sample preparation a relevant part of environmental monitoring strategies. The discovery and ap-plication of new nanomaterials allowed improvements on the pretreatment of water samples, with benefits in terms of speed, reliability and sensitivity in analysis. In this chapter, the use of nanomaterials in solid-phase extraction (SPE) protocols for water samples pretreatment for environmental monitoring is addressed. The most used nanomaterials, including metallic nanoparticles, metal organic frameworks, molecularly imprinted polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, silica-based nanoparticles and nanocomposites are described, and their applications and advantages overviewed. Main gaps are identified and new directions on the field are suggested.publishe

The relationship between price and financial stability in new monetary policy designs: the case of the US using the TVP-SVAR model

Abstract: This study aims to explain the relationship between price and financial stability in monetary policy designs that have developed since the 1990s and to empirically examine the relationship between price and financial stability in the monetary policy designs of the US. To this effect, the study examines the time-varying structure of the relationship between price and financial stability in the US, where monetary policies are designed to achieve price stability, full employment and moderate long-term interest rate targets using the TVP-SVAR model for the period 1993:12-2020:12. The results of the study demonstrate the presence of a reciprocal relationship within the scope of the new environment hypothesis, which varies over time between price and financial stability in the US over the study period. These results broadly suggest the necessity of redesigning monetary policies in the US based on the propositions of the new environment hypothesis and considering the varying structure of the relationships, symmetrical or asymmetrical, between monetary and financial stability variables over time.Resumen: Este trabajo pretende explicar la relación entre estabilidad de precios y financiera en nuevos diseños de política monetaria desarrollados desde los noventas y examinarla empíricamente para el caso de Estados Unidos. Para ello se examina una estructura variante en el tiempo usando un modelo TVP-SVAR para el periodo 1993:12-2020:12. Se encuentra una relación variable en el tiempo entre estabilidad de precios y financiera. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de rediseñar la política monetaria

La relación entre estabilidad de precios y financiera en nuevos diseños de política monetaria: el caso de Estados Unidos usando un modelo TVP-SVAR

This study aims to explain the relationship between price and financial stability in monetary policy designs that have developed since the 1990s and to empirically examine the relationship between price and financial stability in the monetary policy designs of the US. To this effect, the study examines the time-varying structure of the relationship between price and financial stability in the US, where monetary policies are designed to achieve price stability, full employment and moderate long-term interest rate targets using the TVP-SVAR model for the period 1993:12-2020:12. The results of the study demonstrate the presence of a reciprocal relationship within the scope of the new environment hypothesis, which varies over time between price and financial stability in the US over the study period. These results broadly suggest the necessity of redesigning monetary policies in the US based on the propositions of the new environment hypothesis and considering the varying structure of the relationships, symmetrical or asymmetrical, between monetary and financial stability variables over time.Este trabajo pretende explicar la relación entre estabilidad de precios y financiera en nuevos diseños de política monetaria desarrollados desde los noventas y examinarla empíricamente para el caso de Estados Unidos. Para ello se examina una estructura variante en el tiempo usando un modelo TVP-SVAR para el periodo 1993:12-2020:12. Se encuentra una relación variable en el tiempo entre estabilidad de precios y financiera. Estos resultados sugieren la necesidad de rediseñar la política monetaria