Diaspora Madura : Social Capital Analysis in the Business in Informal Sector of Madura Migrants in Tanah Sareal Subdistrict, Bogor District, West Java

Madura merupakan salah satu suku di Indonesia yang memiliki tingkat mobilitas yang tinggi. Ciri migrasi yang dilakukan orang madura yakni pola afiliasi saluran migrasi. Di tempat tujuan, Migran Madura mengembangkan USAha pada sektor informal, yakni USAha dagang barang bekas. Modal sosial berperan pada USAha tersebut, sehingga USAha tersebut berkembang hanya diantara migran madura. Modal sosial terdiri dari jaringan,kepercayaan dan norma. Jaringan sosial migran Madura tergolong sempit, namun simpul yang paling berperan dalam perolehan bahan baku dan modal adalah teman kerja dan perkumpulan migran Madura. Tingkat kepercayaan yang dimiliki migran Madura tergolong rendah, Hal ini dikarenakan kepercayaan yang dibangun baik hanya pada sesama migran Madura, sementara kepercayaan migran Madura terhadap masyarakat setempat tergolong rendah. Peraturan yang harus ditaati oleh sesama migran Madura dalam menjalankan USAha sektor informal adalah sikap saling menghargai USAha yang dimiliki oleh orang madura lainnya. Hal tersebut diperlukan untuk menghindari konflik yang dapat menurunkan solidaritas antar migran Madura. Namun walaupun migran Madura memilihi keterbatasan pada aspek keuangan dan modal manusia, USAha mereka tetap dapat tumbuh dan berkembang diantara sesama migran Madura dikarenakan modal sosial yang mereka miliki

Quality Chemicals, Microbiology and Antiodants of Ongole Beef Culled Se’i Using Lime Orange Juice, Kaffir Lime and Lemon Juice

This study aims to determine the effect of the use of lime juice, kaffir lime juice and lemon on the chemical, microbiological and antioxidant qualities of se’i. The design used was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 4 treatments and replications.The treatment consisted of TJ = without citrus juice, JN = used of 3% lime juice, JP used of 3% kaffir lime juice/juice, JL used of 3% lemon juice. The variables studied included water content, protein content, fat content, total bacteria and Antioxidant. The results of statistical analysis showed that treatment had no significant effect (P>0.05) on water content, protein, fat, and antioxidants but close significant (P<0,01) on bacterial count had a very seriesof with the same water, protein, fat and antioxidant content but can reduce the number of bacteria, and the best treatment is using lemons (P3)

Kualitas Dendeng Sapi Betina Peranakan Ongole Afkir yang Diberi Madu dan Beberapa Jenis Gula

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas dendeng yang diolah dari daging Sapi Ongole betina afkir yang diberi madu dan beberapa jenis gula. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) 4 x 4 dengan 4 perlakuan yang terdiri dari P0= gula pasir 15% + madu 0%, P1= gula pasir 7,5 % + madu 7,5%, P2= gula lontar padat 7,5% + madu 7,5%, serta P3= gula kelapa padat 7,5% + madu 7,5%. Variabel yang diukur adalah nilai organoleptik (warna, aroma, rasa, dan keempukan), total koloni bakteri dan pH. Hasil analisis statistik menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan berpengaruh tidak nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai organoleptik (warna, aroma, rasa, dan keempukan) tapi pada nilai pH berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) serta pada total kaloni bakteri berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01). Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pemberian madu, gula pasir, gula lontar padat, dan gula kelapa tidak merubah nilai organoleptik (warna, aroma, rasa, dan keempukan) namun menurunkan total koloni bakteri dan hanya gula lontar yang dapat menurunkan pH

Major Disease Vectors in Tanzania: Distribution, Control and Challenges

Disease vectors remain a major public health challenge in spite of efforts done to control across Tanzania. Different disease vectors have been controlled and efforts are on to eradicate them but challenges are still emerging and managed. In spite of all these success, different disease vectors have been observed to have developed resistance to all classes of insecticides used in public health practices in Tanzania.Resistance reports to main different vectors have been coming throughout Tanzania. The resistance of vectors to insecticides has been of different mechanisms depending on species, insecticides and mechanisms of action of the pesticides. Social economic factors and housing style still a major factor for the distribution and foci of vector abundance. The impact of public health intervention has been observed but still disease vector existence is noticed. Careful monitoring of the public health priorities for disease vectors control should be rethought to keep the elimination track live. Different tools such as insecticides use, understanding control measures, vector distribution and human lifestyle can lead to reduced burden caused by disease vectors. This chapter has described mosquitoes, tsetse flies, soft ticks, blackflies, and houseflies in terms of distribution, abundance, control and challenges of eradication in Tanzania

Changes in soil properties with long-term organic inputs due to distance from homestead and farm characteristics in southern Ethiopian farmlands

Open access via the Elsevier Agreement This original data was collected as part of the project ‘Alternative Carbon Investments in Ecosystems for Poverty Alleviation –below ground versus above ground opportunities for restoration of ecosystem services’ (ALTER), funded with support from the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation (ESPA) programme (grant no. NE/K010441/1). The analysis of the data and preparation of this paper was undertaken as part of the RALENTIR (Reducing land degradation and carbon loss from Ethiopia's soils to strengthen livelihoods and resilience) project, funded by GCRF (Global Challenges Research Fund) and University of Aberdeen (grant number ES/T003073/1).Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Burden of podoconiosis in poor rural communities in Guliso woreda, western Ethiopia

Background. Podoconiosis is an environmental lymphoedema affecting people living and working barefoot on irritant red clay soil. Podoconiosis is relatively well described in southern Ethiopia, but remains neglected in other parts of the Ethiopian highlands. This study aimed to assess the burden of podoconiosis in rural communities in western Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal Findings. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Gulliso woreda (district), west Ethiopia. A household survey in the 26 rural kebeles (villages) of this district was conducted to identify podoconiosis patients and to measure disease prevalence. A more detailed study was done in six randomly selected kebeles to describe clinical features of the disease, patients’ experiences of foot hygiene, and shoe wearing practice. 1,935 cases of podoconiosis were registered, giving a prevalence of 2.8%. The prevalence was higher in those aged 15 – 64 years (5.2%) and in females than males (prevalence ratio 2.6:1). 90.3% of patients were in the 15 – 64 year age group. In the detailed study, 335 cases were interviewed and their feet assessed. The majority of patients were farmers, uneducated, and poor. Two-third of patients developed the disease before the age of thirty. Almost all patients (97.0%) had experienced adenolymphangitis (ALA - red, hot legs, swollen and painful groin) at least once during the previous year. Patients experienced an average of 5.5 ALA episodes annually, each of average 4.4 days, thus 24 working days were lost annually. The incidence of ALA in podoconiosis patients was higher than that reported for filariasis in other countries. Shoe wearing was limited mainly due to financial problems. Conclusions. We have documented high podoconiosis prevalence, frequent adenolymphangitis and high disease-related morbidity in west Ethiopia. Interventions must be developed to prevent, treat and control podoconiosis, one of the core neglected tropical diseases in Ethiopia

Development of a scale to measure stigma related to podoconiosis in Southern Ethiopia

Background: Health-related stigma adds to the physical and economic burdens experienced by people suffering from neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). Previous research into the NTD podoconiosis showed significant stigma towards those with the disease, yet no formal instrument exists by which to assess stigma or interventions to reduce stigma. We aimed to develop, pilot and validate scales to measure the extent of stigma towards podoconiosis among patients and in podoconiosis-endemic communities. Methods: Indicators of stigma were drawn from existing qualitative podoconiosis research and a literature review on measuring leprosy stigma. These were then formulated into items for questioning and evaluated through a Delphi process in which irrelevant items were discounted. The final items formed four scales measuring two distinct forms of stigma (felt stigma and enacted stigma) for those with podoconiosis and those without the disease. The scales were formatted as two questionnaires, one for podoconiosis patients and one for unaffected community members. 150 podoconiosis patients and 500 unaffected community members from Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia were selected through multistage random sampling to complete the questionnaires which were interview-administered. The scales were evaluated through reliability assessment, content and construct validity analysis of the items, factor analysis and internal consistency analysis. Results: All scales had Cronbach’s alpha over 0.7, indicating good consistency. The content and construct validity of the scales were satisfactory with modest correlation between items. There was significant correlation between the felt and enacted stigma scales among patients (Spearman’s r = 0.892; p < 0.001) and within the community (Spearman’s r = 0.794; p < 0.001). Conclusion: We report the development and testing of the first standardised measures of podoconiosis stigma. Although further research is needed to validate the scales in other contexts, we anticipate they will be useful in situational analysis and in designing, monitoring and evaluating interventions. The scales will enable an evidencebased approach to mitigating stigma which will enable implementation of more effective disease control and help break the cycle of poverty and NTDs

Podoconiosis in East and West Gojam Zones, Northern Ethiopia

Background: Podoconiosis is a neglected tropical disease (NTD) that is prevalent in red clay soil-covered highlands of tropical Africa, Central and South America, and northern India. It is estimated that up to one million cases exist in Ethiopia. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of podoconiosis in East and West Gojam Zones of Amhara Region in northern Ethiopia. Methodology/Principal Findings: A cross-sectional household survey was conducted in Debre Eliyas and Dembecha woredas (districts) in East and West Gojam Zones, respectively. The survey covered all 17,553 households in 20 kebeles (administrative subunits) randomly selected from the two woredas. A detailed structured interview was conducted on 1,704 cases of podoconiosis identified in the survey. Results: The prevalence of podoconiosis in the population aged 15 years and above was found to be 3.3% (95% CI, 3.2% to 3.6%). 87% of cases were in the economically active age group (15–64 years). On average, patients sought treatment five years after the start of the leg swelling. Most subjects had second (42.7%) or third (36.1%) clinical stage disease, 97.9% had mossy lesions, and 53% had open wounds. On average, patients had five episodes of acute adenolymphangitis (ALA) per year and spent a total of 90 days per year with ALA. The median age of first use of shoes and socks were 22 and 23 years, respectively. More men than women owned more than one pair of shoes (61.1% vs. 50.5%; x2 = 11.6 p = 0.001). At the time of interview, 23.6% of the respondents were barefoot, of whom about two-thirds were women. Conclusions: This study showed high prevalence of podoconiosis and associated morbidities such as ALA, mossy lesions and open wounds in northern Ethiopia. Predominance of cases at early clinical stage of podoconiosis indicates the potential for reversing the swelling and calls for disease prevention interventions

Habitat stability and occurrences of malaria vector larvae in western Kenya highlands

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although the occurrence of malaria vector larvae in the valleys of western Kenya highlands is well documented, knowledge of larval habitats in the uphill sites is lacking. Given that most inhabitants of the highlands actually dwell in the uphill regions, it is important to develop understanding of mosquito breeding habitat stability in these sites in order to determine their potential for larval control.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A total of 128 potential larval habitats were identified in hilltops and along the seasonal streams in the Sigalagala area of Kakamega district, western Kenya. Water availability in the habitats was followed up daily from August 3, 2006 to February 23, 2007. A habitat is defined as stable when it remains aquatic continuously for at least 12 d. Mosquito larvae were observed weekly. Frequencies of aquatic, stable and larvae positive habitats were compared between the hilltop and seasonal stream area using χ²-test. Factors affecting the presence/absence of <it>Anopheles gambiae </it>larvae in the highlands were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Topography significantly affected habitat availability and stability. The occurrence of aquatic habitats in the hilltop was more sporadic than in the stream area. The percentage of habitat occurrences that were classified as stable during the rainy season is 48.76% and 80.79% respectively for the hilltop and stream area. Corresponding frequencies of larvae positive habitats were 0% in the hilltop and 5.91% in the stream area. After the rainy season, only 23.42% of habitat occurrences were stable and 0.01% larvae positive habitats were found in the hilltops, whereas 89.75% of occurrences remained stable in the stream area resulting in a frequency of 12.21% larvae positive habitats. The logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between habitat stability and larval occurrence and indicated that habitat surface area was negatively affecting the occurrence of <it>An. gambiae </it>larvae. While <it>An. gambiae </it>and <it>An. funestus </it>larvae occurred throughout the study period along the streams, a total of only 15 <it>An. gambiae </it>larvae were counted in the hilltops, and no <it>An. funestus </it>were found. Moreover, no larvae managed to develop into adults in the hilltops, and the density of adult <it>An. gambiae </it>was consistently low, averaging at 0.06 females per house per survey.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The occurrence of malaria vector larvae in the hilltop area was uncommon as a result of the low availability and high instability of habitats. To optimize the cost-effectiveness of malaria interventions in the western Kenya highlands, larval control should be focused primarily along the streams, as these are likely the only productive habitats at high altitude.</p

Investigating the blood-host plasticity and dispersal of Anopheles coluzzii using a novel field-based methodology

Background: The biting behaviour and dispersal of insect vectors in the field underlies the transmission of many diseases. Here, a novel collection methodology coupled with the molecular analysis of blood-meal sources and digestion rates is introduced with the aim of aiding the understanding of two critical and relatively understudied mosquito behaviours: plasticity in blood-host choice and vector dispersal. Results: A collection strategy utilising a transect of mosquito traps placed at 50 m intervals allowed the collection of blood-fed Anopheles coluzzii from a malaria-endemic village of southern Ghana where human host availability ranged from zero (a cattle pen), increasing until humans were the dominant host choice (the middle of the village). Blood-meal analysis using PCR showed statistically significant variation in blood-meal origins for mosquitoes collected across the 250 m transect: with decreasing trend in Bovine Blood Index (OR = 0.60 95% CI: 0.49-0.73, P < 0.01) and correspondingly, an increasing trend in Human Blood Index (OR = 1.50 95% CI: 1.05-2.16, P = 0.028) as the transect approached the village. Using qPCR, the host DNA remaining in the blood meal was quantified for field-caught mosquitoes and calibrated according to timed blood digestion in colony mosquitoes. Time since blood meal was consumed and the corresponding distance the vector was caught from its blood-host allowed the estimation of An. coluzzii dispersal rates. Within 7 hours of feeding, mosquitoes typically remained within 50 m of their blood-host but at 60 hours they had dispersed up to 250 m. Conclusions: Using this methodology the remarkably small spatial scale at which An. coluzzii blood-host choice can change was demonstrated. In addition, conducting qPCR on host blood from field-caught mosquitoes and calibrating with timed experiments with colonised mosquitoes presents a novel methodology for investigating the dispersal behaviour of vectors. Future adaptations to this novel method to make it broadly applicable to other types of setting are also discussed.Universiteit Stellenbosch, National Institute for Health Research, National Health and Medical Research Counci