21 research outputs found

    Relationships between climate and year-to-year variability in meningitis outbreaks: A case study in Burkina Faso and Niger

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Every year, West Africa is afflicted with Meningococcal Meningitis (MCM) disease outbreaks. Although the seasonal and spatial patterns of disease cases have been shown to be linked to climate, the mechanisms responsible for these patterns are still not well identified.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A statistical analysis of annual incidence of MCM and climatic variables has been performed to highlight the relationships between climate and MCM for two highly afflicted countries: Niger and Burkina Faso. We found that disease resurgence in Niger and in Burkina Faso is likely to be partly controlled by the winter climate through enhanced Harmattan winds. Statistical models based only on climate indexes work well in Niger showing that 25% of the disease variance from year-to-year in this country can be explained by the winter climate but fail to represent accurately the disease dynamics in Burkina Faso.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This study is an exploratory attempt to predict meningitis incidence by using only climate information. Although it points out significant statistical results it also stresses the difficulty of relating climate to interannual variability in meningitis outbreaks.</p

    Modélisation épidémiologique des pathologies climato-dépendantes au nord-Togo: Cas de la FiÚvre Aphteuse dans la région des Savanes

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    If climate influences human health, there are many reasons to believe that, it also influences the epidemiology of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD). Thus, the implementation of operational tools such as early warning models seems to be a great tool for the control of this disease, which considerably impactes livestock. Therefore, a study was conducted in the savanes region of Togo with climatological and epidemiological data for a period of nine (09) years (from 2009 to 2017). The methodology adopted consisted in generating a linear regression model on the basis of climatological parameters strongly correlated to the disease. The final model was set after dismissing less pertinent variables of the unrefined model by using the «&nbsp;Backward elimination&nbsp;». Then, three (03) statistical tests (the variance inflation factor test, the Durbin-Watson test and the Goldfeld-Quandt test) were used for the model’s validation,before checking it robustness with Taylor diagram. Results showed that among climatological parameters strongly correlated with FMD, only precipitation and sunshine duration were found to be the most pertinent variable of the model. It has shown to be relatively good predictive accuracy by reproducing quite well, the seasonality of the disease (beginning, peak and end). It also has a relatively high correlation coefficient (r) of 75% with a normalized standard deviation of 1.05 very close to the reference (1). Appliances should be taken during the rainy seasons and festives months because these periods are propitious to the development and spreading of FMD. Keywords : Epidemiological model, climatological parameters, Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD), Savanes Region, Togo.S’il est vrai que le climat affecte la santĂ© humaine, nombreuses sont les raisons qui portent Ă  croire qu’il influe Ă©galement sur l'Ă©pidĂ©miologie de la FiĂšvre Aphteuse (FA). La mise en place d’outils opĂ©rationnels comme les modĂšles d’alerte prĂ©coce semble d’une grande utilitĂ© pour l’aide Ă  la dĂ©cision pour le contrĂŽle de cette maladie qui affecte Ă©normĂ©ment&nbsp;&nbsp; le cheptel. Pour ce faire, une Ă©tude a Ă©tĂ© menĂ©e dans la rĂ©gion des savanes au Togo avec des donnĂ©es climatologiques et Ă©pidĂ©miologiques de 2009 Ă  2017. La mĂ©thodologie adoptĂ©e a consistĂ© Ă  gĂ©nĂ©rer un modĂšle de rĂ©gression linĂ©aire sur la base des paramĂštres climatologiques fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s Ă  la maladie. Le modĂšle final a Ă©tĂ© obtenu aprĂšs Ă©limination des variables les moins pertinentes par la mĂ©thode «&nbsp;d’élimination descendante&nbsp;», avant de passer Ă  sa validation sur la base de trois (03) tests statistiques, notamment le facteur d’inflation de la variance, Durbin-Watson et Goldfeld-Quandt. La robusticitĂ© dudit modĂšle a Ă©tĂ© vĂ©rifiĂ©e grĂące au diagramme de Taylor. Il ressort que des paramĂštres climatologiques fortement corrĂ©lĂ©s Ă  la FA, les pluies et la durĂ©e d’insolation se sont avĂ©rĂ©s les prĂ©dicteurs les plus pertinents du modĂšle. Ce dernier est en mesure de reproduire assez bien la saisonnalitĂ© de la maladie (dĂ©but, pic et fin). En plus, il prĂ©sente un coefficient de corrĂ©lation (r) relativement Ă©levĂ© de 75% avec un Ă©cart type normalisĂ© de 1,05 trĂšs proche de celui de la rĂ©fĂ©rence (1). Des mesures doivent ĂȘtre prises pendant les saisons pluvieuses ainsi que les mois Ă  caractĂšres festifs, car ces pĂ©riodes favorisent le dĂ©veloppement et la propagation de la FA. Mots clĂ©s : ModĂšle Ă©pidĂ©miologique, paramĂštres climatologiques, FiĂšvre Aphteuse, RĂ©gion des Savanes, Togo

    Soil Dust Aerosols and Wind as Predictors of Seasonal Meningitis Incidence in Niger

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    Background: Epidemics of meningococcal meningitis are concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa during the dry season, a period when the region is affected by the Harmattan, a dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind blowing from the Sahara into the Gulf of Guinea. Objectives: We examined the potential of climate-based statistical forecasting models to predict seasonal incidence of meningitis in Niger at both the national and district levels. Data and methods: We used time series of meningitis incidence from 1986 through 2006 for 38 districts in Niger. We tested models based on data that would be readily available in an operational framework, such as climate and dust, population, and the incidence of early cases before the onset of the meningitis season in January–May. Incidence was used as a proxy for immunological state, susceptibility, and carriage in the population. We compared a range of negative binomial generalized linear models fitted to the meningitis data. Results: At the national level, a model using early incidence in December and averaged November–December zonal wind provided the best fit (pseudo-R2 = 0.57), with zonal wind having the greatest impact. A model with surface dust concentration as a predictive variable performed indistinguishably well. At the district level, the best spatiotemporal model included zonal wind, dust concentration, early incidence in December, and population density (pseudo-R2 = 0.41). Conclusions: We showed that wind and dust information and incidence in the early dry season predict part of the year-to-year variability of the seasonal incidence of meningitis at both national and district levels in Niger. Models of this form could provide an early-season alert that wind, dust, and other conditions are potentially conducive to an epidemic

    Caractérisation de la variabilité climatique dans la region du centre-nord du burkina faso entre 1961 et 2015

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    Cette Ă©tude a pour but de caractĂ©riser la variabilitĂ© climatique dans le Centre-Nord du Burkina Faso. L’économie de cette rĂ©gion est particuliĂšrement vulnĂ©rable au changement climatique. Les donnĂ©es collectĂ©es Ă  cette fin concernent la pluviomĂ©trie journaliĂšre enregistrĂ©e dans onze stations et couvrant la pĂ©riode 1961-2015. L’indice pluviomĂ©trique standardisĂ© a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour dĂ©terminer les pĂ©riodes sĂšches et humides. Des tests statistiques ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©s pour analyser la variabilitĂ© pluviomĂ©trique. Les indices ETCCDMI ont permis de caractĂ©riser les extrĂȘmes pluviomĂ©triques. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que la pĂ©riode 1961-2015 est caractĂ©risĂ©e par une alternance de phases humides et sĂšches avec une tendance gĂ©nĂ©rale Ă  la baisse des prĂ©cipitations annuelles. La rĂ©gion a connu une modification de son rĂ©gime pluviomĂ©trique depuis la fin des annĂ©es 1960. Cette modification s’est traduite par une pĂ©riode de baisse des cumuls pluviomĂ©triques et des pluies journaliĂšres. Cependant, la pluviomĂ©trie rĂ©gionale a amorcĂ© un retour vers des pĂ©riodes plus humides depuis la fin des annĂ©es 1980 et les dĂ©cennies 1990 et 2000. La reprise est plus prononcĂ©e dans la zone sahĂ©lienne que dans l’espace soudano-sahĂ©lien. Cette Ă©tude montre une forte disparitĂ© spatiale dans la rĂ©partition des jours pluvieux durant ces dĂ©cennies. En effet, le nombre annuel de jours pluvieux est en hausse dans cinq localitĂ©s tandis qu’il est en baisse dans les six autres localitĂ©s. La frĂ©quence des pluies de 50 mm, des pluies intenses et des pluies extrĂȘmes est en hausse depuis la fin des annĂ©es 1980 et les dĂ©cennies 1990 et 2000. Le retour des pluies est plutĂŽt liĂ© Ă  une frĂ©quence Ă©levĂ©e des Ă©vĂšnements de forte intensitĂ© pluviomĂ©trique qu’à une augmentation des jours pluvieux. MalgrĂ© cette Ă©volution, on note une persistance de la sĂ©cheresse dans certaines localitĂ©s du Centre-Nord notamment depuis 2005 Ă  Kongoussi et 2010 Ă  Bouroum

    Seasonality of meningitis in Africa and climate forcing: aerosols stand out.

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    11 pagesInternational audienceBacterial meningitis is an ongoing threat for the population of the African Meningitis Belt, a region characterized by the highest incidence rates worldwide. The determinants of the disease dynamics are still poorly understood; nevertheless, it is often advocated that climate and mineral dust have a large impact. Over the last decade, several studies have investigated this relationship at a large scale. In this analysis, we scaled down to the district-level weekly scale (which is used for in-year response to emerging epidemics), and used wavelet and phase analysis methods to define and compare the time-varying periodicities of meningitis, climate and dust in Niger. We mostly focused on detecting time-lags between the signals that were consistent across districts. Results highlighted the special case of dust in comparison to wind, humidity or temperature: a strong similarity between districts is noticed in the evolution of the time-lags between the seasonal component of dust and meningitis. This result, together with the assumption of dust damaging the pharyngeal mucosa and easing bacterial invasion, reinforces our confidence in dust forcing on meningitis seasonality. Dust data should now be integrated in epidemiological and forecasting models to make them more realistic and usable in a public health perspective

    AccÚs à l'eau pour usage domestique dans les quartiers informels de Ouagadougou : variations saisonniÚres et réponses adaptatives

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    RĂ©sumĂ© en anglais inclusLa plupart des travaux scientifiques sur l'accĂšs Ă  l'eau dans la rĂ©gion du Sahel se concentrent sur les zones rurales. Les villes, en revanche, sont largement considĂ©rĂ©es comme ayant un accĂšs suffisant Ă  l'eau. Cette conception cache des disparitĂ©s en ce qui concerne l’accessibilitĂ© Ă  l’eau dans les zones urbaines. En effet, avec la croissance dĂ©mographique, de nombreux quartiers informels ont vu le jour dans plusieurs villes du Sahel. Ils n'ont en gĂ©nĂ©ral accĂšs ni Ă  l'eau courante ni aux services d'assainissement. À partir de donnĂ©es recueillies dans des quartiers informels Ă  Ouagadougou, au Burkina Faso, cet article tente de rĂ©pondre Ă  des questions sur les conditions d'accĂšs Ă  l'eau pour usage domestique, comment ces conditions changent selon les saisons et comment les habitants s’adaptent Ă  ces changements. L’article constate que les robinets publics, les forages et les vendeurs d'eau ambulants sont les principales sources d'approvisionnement en eau pour les mĂ©nages de ces quartiers. L’utilisation de l’eau de pluie est Ă©galement une pratique rĂ©pandue pendant la saison des pluies. Ces diffĂ©rents modes d’approvisionnement en eau varient selon les caractĂ©ristiques du mĂ©nage. La capacitĂ© de la population Ă  s'adapter Ă  la variabilitĂ© saisonniĂšre est mise en Ă©vidence par la diversitĂ© et les changements dans le choix des sources d'eau. Ce choix implique la variabilitĂ© de la distance et du prix payĂ© pour l'eau. Dans une certaine mesure, au cours de certaines pĂ©riodes de l'annĂ©e, en raison d'un manque d'options, les habitants sont obligĂ©s de payer un prix Ă©levĂ©, de parcourir de longues distances et / ou de limiter la quantitĂ© d'eau Ă  usage domestique

    Impact of future climate change on malaria in West Africa

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    Understanding the regional impact of future climate change is one of the major global challenges of this century. This study investigated possible effects of climate change on malaria in West Africa in the near future (2006–2035) and the far future (2036–2065) under two representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5), compared to an observed evaluation period (1981–2010). Projected rainfall and temperature were obtained from the coordinated regional downscaling experiment (CORDEX) simulations of the Rossby Centre Regional Atmospheric regional climate model (RCA4). The malaria model used is the Liverpool malaria model (LMM), a dynamical malaria model driven by daily time series of rainfall and temperature obtained from the CORDEX data. Our results highlight the unimodal shape of the malaria prevalence distribution, and the seasonal malaria transmission contrast is closely linked to the latitudinal variation of the rainfall. Projections showed that the mean annual malaria prevalence would decrease in both climatological periods under both RCPs but with a larger magnitude of decreasing under the RCP8.5. We found that the mean malaria prevalence for the reference period is greater than the projected prevalence for 6 of the 8 downscaled GCMs. The study enhances understanding of how malaria is impacted under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios. These results indicate that the southern area of West Africa is at most risk of epidemics, and the malaria control programs need extra effort and help to make the best use of available resources by stakeholders.The CORDEX project.http://link.springer.com/journal/704am2023Geography, Geoinformatics and MeteorologySchool of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH)UP Centre for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP CSMC
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