385 research outputs found
Characteristics of cosmic ray pole-equator anisotropy derived from spherical harmonic analysis of neutron monitor data
The spherical harmonic analysis of cosmic ray neutron data from the worldwide network neutron monitor stations during the years, 1966 to 1969 was carried out. The second zonal harmonic component obtained from the analysis corresponds to the Pole-Equator anisotropy of the cosmic ray neutron intensity. Such an anisotropy makes a semiannual variation. In addition to this, it is shown that the Pole-Equator anisotropy makes a variation depending on the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) sector polarities around the passages of the IMF sector boundary. A mechanism to interpret these results is also discussed
Formation of the Galactic globular clusters with He-rich stars in low-mass halos virialized at high redshift
Recent observations have reported that the Galactic globular clusters (GCs)
with unusually extended horizontal-branch (EHB) morphologies show a
significantly lower velocity dispersion compared with that of the entire
Galactic GC system. We consider that the observed distinctive kinematics of GCs
with EHB has valuable information on the formation epochs of GCs and
accordingly discuss this observational result based on cosmological N-body
simulations with a model of GC formation. We assume that GCs in galaxies were
initially formed in low-mass halos at high redshifts and we investigate final
kinematics of GCs in their host halos at . We find that GCs formed in
halos virialized at z>10 show lower velocity dispersions on average than those
formed at z>6 for halos with GCs at z=0. We thus suggest that the origin of the
observed lower velocity dispersion for the Galactic GCs with EHBs is closely
associated with earlier formation epochs (z>10) of halos initially hosting the
GCs in the course of the Galaxy formation. Considering that the origin of EHBs
can be due to the presence of helium-enhanced second-generation stars in GCs,
we discuss the longstanding second parameter problem of GCs in the context of
different degrees of chemical pollution in GC-forming gas clouds within
low-mass halos virialized at different redshifts.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, accepted by MNRAS Letter
On the Origin of Mass--Metallicity Relations, Blue Tilts, and Scaling Relations for Metal-poor Globular Cluster Systems
We investigate formation processes and physical properties of globular
cluster systems (GCSs) in galaxies based on high-resolution cosmological
simulations with globular clusters. We focus on metal-poor clusters (MPCs) and
correlations with their host galaxies by assuming that MPC formation is
truncated at a high redshift (z_trun > 6). We find that the correlation between
mean metallicities (Z_gc) of MPCs and their host galaxy luminosities (L)
flattens from z=z_trun to z=0. We also find that the observed relation (Z_gc ~
L^0.15) in MPCs can be reproduced well in the models with Z_gc ~ L^0.5 at
z=z_trun when z_trun ~ 10, if mass-to-light-ratios are assumed to be constant
at z=z_trun. However, better agreement with the observed relation is found for
models with different mass-to-light-ratios between z=z_trun and z=0. It is also
found that the observed color-magnitude relation of luminous MPCs (i.e., ``blue
tilts'') may only have a small contribution from the stripped stellar nuclei of
dwarf galaxies, which have nuclei masses that correlate with their total mass
at z=z_trun. The simulated blue tilts are found to be seen more clearly in more
massive galaxies, which reflects the fact that more massive galaxies at z=0 are
formed from a larger number of dwarfs with stellar nuclei formed at z>z_trun.
The half-number radii (R_e) of GCSs, velocity dispersions of GCSs (sigma), and
their host galaxy masses (M_h) are found to be correlated with one another such
that R_e ~ M_h^{0.57} and sigma ~ M_h^{0.32}.Comment: 15 pages, 20 figures, accepted by MNRA
Structural parts involved in activation and inactivation of the sodium channel.
Structure–function relationships of the sodium channel expressed inXenopus oocytes have been investigated by the combined use of site–directed mutagenesis and patch-clamp recording. This study provides evidence that the positive charges in segment S4 are involved in the voltage–sensing mechanism for activation of the channel and that the region between repeats III and IV is important for its inactivation
Dark energy constraints and correlations with systematics from CFHTLS weak lensing, SNLS supernovae Ia and WMAP5
We combine measurements of weak gravitational lensing from the CFHTLS-Wide
survey, supernovae Ia from CFHT SNLS and CMB anisotropies from WMAP5 to obtain
joint constraints on cosmological parameters, in particular, the dark energy
equation of state parameter w. We assess the influence of systematics in the
data on the results and look for possible correlations with cosmological
parameters.
We implement an MCMC algorithm to sample the parameter space of a flat CDM
model with a dark-energy component of constant w. Systematics in the data are
parametrised and included in the analysis. We determine the influence of
photometric calibration of SNIa data on cosmological results by calculating the
response of the distance modulus to photometric zero-point variations. The weak
lensing data set is tested for anomalous field-to-field variations and a
systematic shape measurement bias for high-z galaxies.
Ignoring photometric uncertainties for SNLS biases cosmological parameters by
at most 20% of the statistical errors, using supernovae only; the parameter
uncertainties are underestimated by 10%. The weak lensing field-to-field
variance pointings is 5%-15% higher than that predicted from N-body
simulations. We find no bias of the lensing signal at high redshift, within the
framework of a simple model. Assuming a systematic underestimation of the
lensing signal at high redshift, the normalisation sigma_8 increases by up to
8%. Combining all three probes we obtain -0.10<1+w<0.06 at 68% confidence
(-0.18<1+w<0.12 at 95%), including systematic errors. Systematics in the data
increase the error bars by up to 35%; the best-fit values change by less than
0.15sigma. [Abridged]Comment: 14 pages, 10 figures. Revised version, matches the one to be
published in A&A. Modifications have been made corresponding to the referee's
suggestions, including reordering of some section
An autopsy report on multiple system atrophy diagnosed immunohistochemically despite severe ischaemic damage: a new approach for investigation of medical practice associated deaths in Japan
A 60-year old man with a 10-year history of multiple system atrophy (MSA) was found in respiratory arrest. After 4 months of respiratory support with two episodes of septic shock, he died. Autopsy disclosed severe atrophy of the mesencephalon, brainstem, medulla oblongata and cerebellum. Gallyas–Braak, α-synuclein and ubiquitin-positive inclusions in the cytoplasm of glial cells were evident, despite the severe ischaemic damage due to respiratory arrest and subsequent respiratory support for 4 months. The cause of respiratory arrest was not identified, but could be explained by the natural history of MSA. The bereaved family, who had suspected malpractice, was satisfied with the explanation based on the investigation performed by eight expert doctors, one expert nurse, two coordinator nurses and two lawyers in the model project promoted by the Japanese government
Numerical Galaxy Catalog -I. A Semi-analytic Model of Galaxy Formation with N-body simulations
We construct the Numerical Galaxy Catalog (GC), based on a semi-analytic
model of galaxy formation combined with high-resolution N-body simulations in a
-dominated flat cold dark matter (CDM) cosmological model.
The model includes several essential ingredients for galaxy formation, such as
merging histories of dark halos directly taken from N-body simulations,
radiative gas cooling, star formation, heating by supernova explosions
(supernova feedback), mergers of galaxies, population synthesis, and extinction
by internal dust and intervening HI clouds. As the first paper in a series
using this model, we focus on basic photometric, structural and kinematical
properties of galaxies at present and high redshifts. Two sets of model
parameters are examined, strong and weak supernova feedback models, which are
in good agreement with observational luminosity functions of local galaxies in
a range of observational uncertainty. Both models agree well with many
observations such as cold gas mass-to-stellar luminosity ratios of spiral
galaxies, HI mass functions, galaxy sizes, faint galaxy number counts and
photometric redshift distributions in optical pass-bands, isophotal angular
sizes, and cosmic star formation rates. In particular, the strong supernova
feedback model is in much better agreement with near-infrared (K'-band) faint
galaxy number counts and redshift distribution than the weak feedback model and
our previous semi-analytic models based on the extended Press-Schechter
formalism. (Abridged)Comment: 26 pages including 27 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ,
full-resolution version is available at
http://grape.astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yahagi/nugc
Galaxy-galaxy Lensing: Dissipationless Simulations Versus the Halo Model
Galaxy-galaxy lensing is a powerful probe of the relation between galaxies
and dark matter halos, but its theoretical interpretation requires a careful
modeling of various contributions, such as the contribution from central and
satellite galaxies. For this purpose, a phenomenological approach based on the
halo model has been developed, allowing for fast exploration of the parameter
space of models. In this paper, we investigate the ability of the halo model to
extract information from the g-g weak lensing signal by comparing it to
high-resolution dissipationless simulations that resolve subhalos. We find that
the halo model reliably determines parameters such as the host halo mass of
central galaxies, the fraction of galaxies that are satellites, and their
radial distribution inside larger halos. If there is a significant scatter
present in the central galaxy host halo mass distribution, then the mean and
median mass of that distribution can differ significantly from one another, and
the halo model mass determination lies between the two. This result suggests
that when analyzing the data, galaxy subsamples with a narrow central galaxy
halo mass distribution, such as those based on stellar mass, should be chosen
for a simpler interpretation of the results.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures; minor changes made, matches MNRAS accepted
versio
Usefulness and safety of 0.4% sodium hyaluronate solution as a submucosal fluid "cushion" for endoscopic resection of colorectal mucosal neoplasms: A prospective multi-center open-label trial
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Sodium hyaluronate (SH) solution has been used for submucosal injection in endoscopic resection to create a long-lasting submucosal fluid "cushion". Recently, we proved the usefulness and safety of 0.4% SH solution in endoscopic resection for gastric mucosal tumors. To evaluate the usefulness of 0.4% SH as a submucosal injection solution for colorectal endoscopic resection, we conducted an open-label clinical trial on six referral hospitals in Japan.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A prospective multi-center open-label study was designed. A total of 41 patients with 5–20 mm neoplastic lesions localized in the colorectal mucosa at six referral hospitals in Japan in a single year period from December 2002 to November 2003 were enrolled and underwent endoscopic resection with SH. The usefulness of 0.4% SH was assessed by the <it>en bloc </it>complete resection and the formation and maintenance of mucosal lesion-lifting during endoscopic resection. Safety was evaluated by analyzing adverse events during the study period.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The usefulness rate was high (82.5%; 33/40). The following secondary outcome measures were noted: 1) steepness of mucosal lesion-lifting, 75.0% (30/40); 2) intraoperative complications, 10.0% (4/40); 3) time required for mucosal resection, 6.7 min; 4) volume of submucosal injection, 6.8 mL and 5) ease of mucosal resection, 87.5% (35/40). Two adverse events of bleeding potentially related to 0.4% SH were reported.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Using 0.4% SH solution enabled sufficient lifting of a colorectal intramucosal lesion during endoscopic resection, reducing the need for additional injections and the risk of perforation. Therefore, 0.4% SH may contribute to the reduction of complications and serve as a promising submucosal injection solution due to its potentially superior safety in comparison to normal saline solution.</p
VLT photometry in the Antlia Cluster: the giant ellipticals NGC 3258 and NGC 3268 and their globular cluster systems
We present a deep VLT photometry in the regions surrounding the two dominant
galaxies of the Antlia cluster, the giant ellipticals NGC 3258 and NGC 3268. We
construct the luminosity functions of their globular cluster systems (GCSs) and
determine their distances through the turn-over magnitudes. These distances are
in good agreement with those obtained by the SBF method. There is some, but not
conclusive, evidence that the distance to NGC 3268 is larger by several Mpc.
The GCSs colour distributions are bimodal but the brightest globular clusters
(GCs) show a unimodal distribution with an intermediate colour peak. The radial
distributions of both GCSs are well fitted by de Vaucouleurs laws up to 5
arcmin. Red GCs present a steeper radial density profile than the blue GCs, and
follow closely the galaxies' brightness profiles. Total GC populations are
estimated to be about 6000+/-150 GCs in NGC 3258 and 4750+/-150 GCs in NGC
3268. We discuss the possible existence of GCs in a field located between the
two giant galaxies (intracluster GCs). Their luminosity functions and number
densities are consistent with the two GCSs overlapping in projection.Comment: 13 pages, 16 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
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