Research of a bi-directional DC-DC converter integrated in electric car power installation

This article presents the results of the simulation study of the bi-directional DC converter, including the time diagrams of the electric vehicle speed, voltage and current changes in various experiments, Also presented are the results of efficiency change and charge level, when using a bi-directional converter as well as without using it. The HFEDC (Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule) model was chosen for the simulation of the electric vehicle drive model using units simulating standardized driving cycles and as an algorithm for changing the vehicle's control signal. Studies of the operating modes of the electrical equipment and the electric vehicle with the DC voltage conversion device in the power circuit of the DC source have been carried out by computer simulation in specialized programs for the study of dynamic systems. The simulation model of the reversible DC converter in the electrical power equipment of an electric vehicle was constructed on the basis of mathematical models of the individual elements reflecting their real physical properties. The present solution is the use of two-way DC voltage converters in the power conversion systems of modern electric drives, including the electric propulsion systems of prospective vehicles improves the efficiency of these systems. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

Антиаритмические свойства монохлоргидрата N-дезацетиллаппаконитина

The aim of the investigation was the research of the N-deacetyllappaconitine hydrochloride antiarrhythmic properties. It was found that the studied substance was effective on the cardiac arrhythmias model caused by aconitine hydrochloride, but does not act on the models of calciume chlorideinduced arrhythmias and reperfusion ventricular fibrillation. The studied compound is less toxic than the comparison drug lappaconitine hydrobromide and acts in lower doses on the aconitine model of arrhythmias. N-Deacetyllappaconitine hydrochloride appears to be a Class I antiarrhythmic agent according to the Vaughan Williams classification.Цель исследования – изучить антиаритмические свойства монохлоргидрата N-дезацетиллаппаконитина. Установлено, что изучаемое вещество эффективно на модели нарушений ритма сердца, вызываемых аконитина гидрохлоридом, но не действует на моделях хлоридкальцевых и реперфузионных фибрилляций желудочков сердца. Изучаемое соединение менее токсично, чем препарат сравнения лаппаконитина гидробромид, и действует в меньших дозах на аконитиновой модели аритмий. Монохлоргидрат N-дезацетиллаппаконитина, по-видимому, является антиаритмическим средством I класса по классификации Vaughan Williams

Изучение противофибрилляторной активности соединения ЛМГ-124 и лаппаконитина гидробромида на модели реперфузионных аритмий у крыс

The antifibrillatory activity comparative study of the compound LMG-124 and the reference drug Lappaconitine hydrobromide was performed on the model of reperfusion arrhythmias. Both drugs are shown to exhibit antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory activity, but the compound LMG-124 realizes its effect in a significantly lower dose.Сравнительное изучение противофибрилляторной активности соединения ЛМГ-124 и эталонного препарата лаппаконитина гидробромид было выполнено на модели реперфузионных аритмий. Показано, что оба препарата проявляют антиаритмическую и противофибрилляторную активность, однако соединение ЛМГ-124 реализует своё действие в существенно меньшей дозе

Сравнительное изучение антиаритмической активности лаппаконитина гидробромида и соединения ЛМГ-124 на модели аконитиновой аритмии

Two models of the aconitin-induced cardiac arrhythmias were used to compare the antiarrhythmic and antifibrillatory activity of the reference drug Lappaconitine hydrobromide and the LMG-124 compound. It is shown that both compounds have antiarrhythmic action. At the same time, the compound LMG-124 realizes its antiarrhythmic effect in a significantly lower dose. In this case, the compound LMG-124 shows a pronounced antifibrillatory activity, in contrast to the reference drug Lappaconitine hydrobromide, which in the studied dose does not exhibit similar activity.На двух моделях нарушений ритма сердца, вызванных аконитином, проведено сравнительное изучение антиаритмической и противофибрилляторной активности эталонного препарата лаппаконитина гидробромида и соединения ЛМГ-124. Показано, что оба соединения обладают антиаритмическим действием. Вместе с тем, соединение ЛМГ-124 реализует своё антиаритмическое действие в существенно меньшей дозе. При этом соединение ЛМГ-124 проявляет выраженную противофибрилляторную активность, в отличие от эталонного препарата лаппаконитина гидробромида, который в изученной дозе подобной активностью не обладает

Изучение электрофизиологических механизмов действия соединения ЛМГ-124

In vitro experiments performed on the isolated rats hippocampal neurons, the antiarrhythmic activity electrophysiological mechanisms of the complex compound LMG-124 containing an antiarrhythmic agent of the class I by Vaughan Williams, Lappaconitine hydrobromide, were studied. As the reference preparation, a prototype, Lappaconitine hydrobromide, was used. The electrical activity of the neurons was recorded by the patch-clamp method in the whole cell configuration. It is shown that the compound LMG-124 effectively inhibits the fast incoming Na+ current flowing through transmembrane potential-dependent fast Na+ channels. This effect of the LMG-124 connection is realized at the level of the open Na+ channel. As follows from the data obtained, the LMG-124 compound, in contrast to Lappaconitine hydrobromide, blocks not only Na+ channels, but also partially and K+ channels, so that it can be attributed to antiarrhythmic drugs potentially possessing anti-arrhythmic properties of the Ia class by Vaughan classification Williams.В экспериментах in vitro, выполненных на изолированных нейронах гиппокампа крыс, изучали электрофизиологические механизмы, лежащие в основе антиаритмической активности комплексного соединения ЛМГ-124, содержащего в своём составе антиаритмическое средство IС класса классификации Vaughan Williams - лаппаконитина гидробромид. В качестве препарата сравнения использовали прототип - лаппаконитина гидробромид. Электрическую активность нейронов регистрировали методом patch-clamp в конфигурации whole cell. Показано, что соединение ЛМГ-124 эффективно ингибирует быстрый входящий Na+ ток, протекающий через трансмембранные потенциал-зависимые быстрые Na+ каналы. Этот эффект соединения ЛМГ-124 реализуется на уровне открытого Na+ канала. Как следует из полученных данных, соединение ЛМГ-124, в отличие от лаппаконитина гидробромида, блокирует не только Na+ каналы, но частично и К+ каналы, в силу чего его можно отнести к антиаритмическим лекарственным средствам, потенциально обладающим свойствами антиаритмиков Ia класса, по классификации Vaughan Williams

Cellular and Molecular Immune Response to Chikungunya Virus Infection

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emergent arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) that causes a disease characterized primarily by fever, rash and severe persistent polyarthralgia. In the last decade, CHIKV has become a serious public health problem causing several outbreaks around the world. Despite the fact that CHIKV has been around since 1952, our knowledge about immunopathology, innate and adaptive immune response involved in this infectious disease is incomplete. In this review, we provide an updated summary of the current knowledge about immune response to CHIKV and about soluble immunological markers associated with the morbidity, prognosis and chronicity of this arbovirus disease. In addition, we discuss the progress in the research of new vaccines for preventing CHIKV infection and the use of monoclonal antibodies as a promising therapeutic strategy

Current trends in cannulation and neuroprotection during surgery of the aortic arch in Europe†‡

OBJECTIVES To conduct a survey across European cardiac centres to evaluate the methods used for cerebral protection during aortic surgery involving the aortic arch. METHODS All European centres were contacted and surgeons were requested to fill out a short, comprehensive questionnaire on an internet-based platform. One-third of more than 400 contacted centres completed the survey correctly. RESULTS The most preferred site for arterial cannulation is the subclavian-axillary, both in acute and chronic presentation. The femoral artery is still frequently used in the acute condition, while the ascending aorta is a frequent second choice in the case of chronic presentation. Bilateral antegrade brain perfusion is chosen by the majority of centres (2/3 of cases), while retrograde perfusion or circulatory arrest is very seldom used and almost exclusively in acute clinical presentation. The same pumping system of the cardio pulmonary bypass is most of the time used for selective cerebral perfusion, and the perfusate temperature is usually maintained between 22 and 26°C. One-third of the centres use lower temperatures. Perfusate flow and pressure are fairly consistent among centres in the range of 10-15 ml/kg and 60 mmHg, respectively. In 60% of cases, barbiturates are added for cerebral protection, while visceral perfusion still receives little attention. Regarding cerebral monitoring, there is a general tendency to use near-infrared spectroscopy associated with bilateral radial pressure measurement. CONCLUSIONS These data represent a snapshot of the strategies used for cerebral protection during major aortic surgery in current practice, and may serve as a reference for standardization and refinement of different approache

Time-resolved dual transcriptomics reveal early induced Nicotiana benthamiana root genes and conserved infection-promoting Phytophthora palmivora effectors

BACKGROUND: Plant-pathogenic oomycetes are responsible for economically important losses in crops worldwide. Phytophthora palmivora, a tropical relative of the potato late blight pathogen, causes rotting diseases in many tropical crops including papaya, cocoa, oil palm, black pepper, rubber, coconut, durian, mango, cassava and citrus. Transcriptomics have helped to identify repertoires of host-translocated microbial effector proteins which counteract defenses and reprogram the host in support of infection. As such, these studies have helped in understanding how pathogens cause diseases. Despite the importance of P. palmivora diseases, genetic resources to allow for disease resistance breeding and identification of microbial effectors are scarce. RESULTS: We employed the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana to study the P. palmivora root infections at the cellular and molecular levels. Time-resolved dual transcriptomics revealed different pathogen and host transcriptome dynamics. De novo assembly of P. palmivora transcriptome and semi-automated prediction and annotation of the secretome enabled robust identification of conserved infection-promoting effectors. We show that one of them, REX3, suppresses plant secretion processes. In a survey for early transcriptionally activated plant genes we identified a N. benthamiana gene specifically induced at infected root tips that encodes a peptide with danger-associated molecular features. CONCLUSIONS: These results constitute a major advance in our understanding of P. palmivora diseases and establish extensive resources for P. palmivora pathogenomics, effector-aided resistance breeding and the generation of induced resistance to Phytophthora root infections. Furthermore, our approach to find infection-relevant secreted genes is transferable to other pathogen-host interactions and not restricted to plants.This work was supported by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (RG62472), by the Royal Society (RG69135) and by the European Research Council (ERC-2014-STG, H2020, 637537)

The mechanism for cracking the fruit kernerls

It is known that walnuts, apricots, peaches, cherries, plums and other fruits are grown in our republic for consuming, and their kernals contein upto 60% of oil which is used by perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The cracking of fruit kernals on the industrial basis absent in the scientific literature, and at the present time this work fulfilled mainly by hand. At the same time a number of process mechanization devices of fared, but they are not yet in production because of certain shortcomings in their structures. The mechanism for cracking of apricot and almond has been proposed, the shells of their kernals have different shapes and physical, mechanical attributes, the cracking of of kernels takes place by the maintaining of unbroken nucleus

The mechanism for cracking the fruit kernerls

It is known that walnuts, apricots, peaches, cherries, plums and other fruits are grown in our republic for consuming, and their kernals contein upto 60% of oil which is used by perfumery and pharmaceutical industries. The cracking of fruit kernals on the industrial basis absent in the scientific literature, and at the present time this work fulfilled mainly by hand. At the same time a number of process mechanization devices of fared, but they are not yet in production because of certain shortcomings in their structures. The mechanism for cracking of apricot and almond has been proposed, the shells of their kernals have different shapes and physical, mechanical attributes, the cracking of of kernels takes place by the maintaining of unbroken nucleus