A System of Systems Approach to Optimize a Realtime Risk Situational Awareness System

In 2017, about 37,151 fatalities resulted from motor vehicle traffic crashes. Crashes cost the U.S. over $800 billion annually in lives lost or injured, lost productivity, and property damage. Many interventions have been adopted to reduce fatalities and serious injuries. A real-time crash intervention can estimate the chance of crash occurrence and analyze risk factors of live video streams captured by the onboard camera of a vehicle, so as to notify the driver to take the appropriate response. This application paper is aimed to improve the prediction to achieve an optimal system by integrating existing risk factors, the algorithms to identify and analyze risk factors result in visualization, etc. Existing systems are integrated into a System of Systems (SoS), the overall objective of which is to maximize the Key Performance Attributes (KPA): Performance of the SoS predicted Time, Performance of the SoS predicted Decision, Affordability, Scalability and Adaptability. The meta-architecture is structured as a chromosome assessed and selected with the non gradient optimization approach based on the simple genetic algorithm integrated with a Fuzzy Inference System

Economic Viability and Environmental Impact Investigation for the Biofuel Supply Chain using Co-Fermentation Technology

Co-fermentation of cellulosic biomass and grain to produce bioethanol has been proposed to integrate first- and second-generation biofuel production technologies. This method can relieve the food versus fuel competition due to the use of edible matter of crop in first-generation biofuel production. It can also boost the low ethanol concentration and thus reduce the unit production cost when using cellulosic biomass as well as green the energy footprints when preprocessing cellulosic biomass in second-generation biofuel production. In this paper, we examine the economic performance and environmental footprint of the biofuel supply chain using co-fermentation production technology. The cost and greenhouse gas emissions per unit bioethanol produced are quantified and compared to the performances of first- and second-generation biofuel production technologies. The mathematical models for the biofuel supply chain using three different biomass types are proposed. A numerical case study based on the State of Missouri in the United States is implemented. The results of the case study show that a co-fermentation based supply chain can effectively address the concern of food versus fuel competition of corn sourced supply chain and the issues of low sugar yield, high energy footprints, and high unit cost of corn stover sourced supply chain