Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Long term follow-up in patients with incidentally discovered adrenal adenomas tumor diameter, hormonal status and metabolic parameters

Adrenal insidentalomaların görülme sıklığı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Rastlantı ile adrenal kitle saptanan bir hastada temel yaklaşım kitlenin benign/malign ayrımının yapılması ve hormonal durumunun değerlendirilmesidir. Literatürde, adrenal adenomların boyut, hormonal durum ve metabolik problemlerini ve bu parametrelerin uzun dönemdeki değişimlerini inceleyen az sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 376 hastalık adrenal insidentaloma veri tabanındaki hastalar değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Genel özellikleri ve hormonal durumları değerlendirilmiş ve 24 ay süre ile izlenmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, adrenal insidentaloma kadınlarda daha sık rastlanan bir orta-ileri yaş grubu hastalığıdır. En sık görülen adrenal insidentaloma tipi fonksiyon göstermeyen adrenal adenom olup en sık görülen hormonal bozukluk subklinik Cushing Sendromu'dur. Boyutsal olarak stabil kalma eğiliminde olsalar da özellikle uzun dönem izlemde boyut artışları olabilir ama artışlar genellikle 10 mm'nin altındadır. Fonksiyon göstermeyen bir adenomda izlemde klinik olarak belirgin hormon hipersekresyonu görülmesi çok nadir olup, subklinik Cushing Sendromu gelişimi gözlenebilir ki bu durum genelde tanı anındaki tümör boyutu görece büyük ve uzun dönem takip edilen hastalarda görülebilir. Metabolik bozukluklar toplum ortalamalarının üstündedir ve fonksiyon göstermeyen adenomlarda da görülebilir. Sinsi kortizol otonomisi bu durumdan sorumlu olduğu düşünülen en önemli faktördür. Prevalence of incidentally discovered adrenal masses has been increasing. In those individuals the first step of management is the estimation of tumor's nature and hormonal status. In the literature, current data regarding general characteristics and follow-up data of subjects with incidentally discovered adrenal tumors is not satisfactory. In this study we evaluated the data of 376 subjects who have been registered in our adrenal tumors database. General characteristics and follow-up data were evaluated. Adrenal incidentaloma was dominantly seen in females and especially in middle ages and elderly subjects. The most frequent type of incidentally discovered adrenal adenomas was found to be non-functioning adrenal adenoma. The most frequent type of hormone hypersecretion was subclinical Cushing Syndrome. Adrenal adenomas tended to be stable in terms of tumor diameteræ however, in long term follow-up increase in tumor diameter might be seen. The increase in diameter was usually below 10mm. Development of a clinically overt hormone hypersecretion syndrome in subjects with non-functioning adenomas was quite, while development of subclinical Cushing Syndrome might be observed. In our series, development of subclinical Cushing Syndrome was more common in subjects with larger initial tumor diameter and in subjects whom were followed-up for longer duration. Metabolic problems were common and also could be developed during follow-up even in subjects with non-functioning adrenal adenomas. Subtle and continuous cortisol secretion (cortisol autonomy) of the mass seemed to be responsible for those disturbances