Hypovitaminosis D Associations with Adverse Metabolic Parameters Are Accentuated in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 : a BMI-Independent Role of Adiponectin?

Background: Hypovitaminosis D has been associated with an increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) and metabolic syndrome manifestations. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25-OHD) levels and indices of insulin resistance, including adipocytokines, in a Saudi population with or without DMT2. Subjects and Methods: A total of 266 subjects (153 DMT2 and 113 healthy controls) aged 26-80 years old were randomly selected from the existing Biomarkers Screening in Riyadh Program (RIYADH Cohort). Subjects were assessed clinically, anthropometry was performed, morning blood chemistries, including fasting glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and HDL-C were obtained. HOMA-IR was calculated, and serum 25- OHD, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, insulin, hsCRP, and TNF-\u3b1 concentrations were measured using specific assays. Results: In DMT2 subjects, negative correlations between 25-OHD and BMI, fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, LDL-C and hsCRP were observed, while a positive correlation between 25-OHD and adiponectin was detected. The later remained significant after controlling for BMI. Interestingly, only weak and non significant associations between 25-OH-VitD and metabolic parameters were observed in the control group, whereas, when the entire population was examined, negative correlations were evident primarily between 25-OH-VitD and fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, LDL-C. These associations remained significant after controlling for BMI. Conclusion: These results suggest that hypovitaminosis D associations with metabolic disturbances are accentuated in DMT2. The BMI-independent positive correlation between 25-OH-VitD and adiponectin suggests a potential role for this adipocytokine as a link between 25-OH-D and insulin resistance in patients with DMT

Balanço de cálcio e fósforo e estudo dos níveis desses minerais em dietas para codornas japonesas (45 a 57 semanas de idade) Balance of calcium and phosphorus and study of these minerals in diets for Japanese quails (from 45 to 57 weeks of age)

Objetivou-se verificar o efeito de quatro níveis de cálcio (Ca) e de fósforo disponível (Pd) na dieta sobre o desempenho, a qualidade dos ovos e a excreção mineral em codornas japonesas durante o terço final do ciclo de produção. Utilizaram-se 384 codornas, com 313 dias de idade, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, composto de quatro níveis de cálcio (2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) e dois de fósforo disponível (0,15 e 0,35%), de modo que cada combinação foi avaliada em seis repetições de oito aves. As dietas experimentais foram isoproteicas (19,31% de PB), isocalóricas (2.800 kcal de EM/kg) e isoaminoacídicas. Foram avaliados a produção, o peso, a massa, a altura e o diâmetro dos ovos, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar, a viabilidade, o peso específico, os componentes dos ovos (peso e porcentagem de casca, albúmem e gema), o balanço de cálcio e fósforo total e a excreção de matéria mineral. Não houve interação dos níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível utilizados. O aumento do nível de cálcio na dieta melhorou linearmente a conversão por dúzia e reduziu o consumo. Promoveu também aumento no peso específico, no peso e na porcentagem de casca e redução linear no peso da gema e aumentou o teor de cálcio nas excretas. A viabilidade e o teor de fósforo nas excretas aumentaram com o acréscimo de fósforo disponível, enquanto as demais variáveis não foram influenciadas pelos níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível da dieta. Os níveis de 3,5% de cálcio e o de 0,15% de fósforo disponível são suficientes para proporcionar bom desempenho produtivo e manutenção satisfatória da qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas no terço final de postura (45 a 57 semanas de idade), e correspondem a consumos diários de 899 mg de cálcio e 40 mg de fósforo disponível por ave.<br>This experiment was conducted aiming to verify the effect of four levels of calcium (Ca) and available phosphorus (aP) in the diet on the performance, quality of eggs and the mineral excretion in Japanese quails during the final third of the production cycle. A total of 384 quails at 313 days of age was used. They were distributed in a complete random design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme composed of four levels of calcium (2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5%) and two levels of available phosphorus (0.15 and 0.35%), so each combination was evaluated in six replicates of eight birds. The experimental diets were isoprotein (19.31% CP), isocaloric (2,800 kcal/kg) and isoaminoacids. It was evaluated the production, weight, mass, height and diameter of the eggs, ration consumption, feed conversion, viability, specific weight, the components of eggs (weight and percentage of shell, albumen and yolk), the balance of calcium and total phosphorus and excretion of mineral matter. There was no interaction between the used levels of calcium and available phosphorus. The increase in the level of calcium in the diet linearly improved the conversion by dozen and it reduced the consumption. It also promoted an increase on the specific weight, on the weight and on the percentage of shell and linear reduction on the weight of yolk and it increased the calcium content in the excreta. The viability and content of phosphorus in the excreta increased as the available phosphorus increased, whereas the other variables were not influenced by the levels of calcium and available phosphorus in the diet. The levels of 3.5% of calcium and 0.15% of available phosphorus are sufficient to provide good productive performance and satisfactory maintenance of the quality of eggs of Japanese quails in the final third of laying (45 to 57 weeks of age), and they correspond to a daily consumption of 899 mg of calcium and 40 mg of available phosphorus per bird