A Gate-Array Realization of an Algorithm for Division

A realization of a division algorithm suitable for high speed pipeline and realtime processors is presented. Implementation of the divide algorithm can be achieved by utilizing LSI / VLSI gate array technology. The divider performs precision, high speed 9 bit sign magnitude division. The design consist of combinational logic, where input and output data are latched into input and output registers. Data propagates through 16 divide stages. The n\u27th stage generates the n\u27th quotient bit upon receiving the updated dividend and controls from the previous stage. A simulation program is developed to verify the algorithm, and an analysis for speed performance and cost is provided. Other division algorithms are discussed

A molecular genetic investigation into 2-methyl-3-amyl-6-methoxyprodigiosene (prodigiosin) biosynthesis in Serratia marcescens

Serratia marcescens is a Gram-negative enteric bacterium. The distinguishing feature of this species is the production of a bright red, non-diffusible pigment: 2-methyl-3-amyl-6- methoxyprodigiosene (prodigiosin). Prodigiosin is a classical secondary metabolite, produced in late-log to stationary phases of growth. It belongs to a family of structurally related tripyrrolic compounds, produced by a number of prokaryotic genera, which possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-protozoal and immunosuppressive properties. The biological function(s) of prodigiosin in Serratia marcescens is unknown. Prodigiosin is synthesised from proline, alanine, serine, methionine, glycine and acetate. Little is know about the biosynthetic pathway, except that it is bifurcated, and terminated in the condensation of a bipyrrole and a monopyrrole to form prodigiosin. Virtually no published information exists on the pathway precursors, the pathway enzymes or the genes encoding them. The aim of this study was to investigate prodigiosin biosynthesis at the genetic level. Thomson (1996), isolated the prodigiosin biosynthetic (pig) gene cluster from a S. marcescens chromosomal DNA library. After subcloning, approximately half of the pig cluster (11.5 Kb) was sequenced in this study. The remainder was sequenced in a parallel study in this laboratory. From both studies, 16 putative open reading frames (ORFs) were identified, which are arranged unidirectionally, with the exception of orf76 at the extreme 3' end of the cluster. In the 5' half of the cluster, sequenced in this study, homologues of bacterial acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, phosphoenolpyruvate synthase and ornithine aminotransferase were identified by similarity. A homologue of a hypothetical protein mapping to the red (undecylprodigiosn) locus of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) was also identified by similarity; another putative ORF does not have any database homologues. The pig cluster was randomly mutagenised by using TnphoA'-2, which simultaneously generated some lacZ gene fusions strains. Non-pigmented, hyperpigmented and orange-pigmented mutants were isolated. Cloning and sequencing of transposon insertions from non-pigmented TnphoA'-2 mutated strains revealed that gene fusions to the first and fourth putative ORFs had been obtained. Additionally, it was found that in one non-pigmented mutant strain, a transposon insertion is located in an ORF encoding a putative homologue of the Escherichia coli integral inner-membrane histidine sensor kinase EnvZ; sequence data suggest that a putative homologue of the corresponding response-regulator OmpR is present upstream of the transposon insertion site. Another non-pigmented mutant was found to have a transposon insertion in a putative homologue of Escherichia coli hscA, which encodes a "cold-shock" induced molecular chaperonin. Southern blot analyses showed that insertions in these latter coding regions are external to the pig cluster. Two hitherto unknown loci, which are essential to pigment biosynthesis, were therefore identified in this study. Strains carrying gene fusions in orf1 and orf4 of the pig cluster showed differential LacZ expression under prodiogiosin biosynthesis-permissive conditions. LacZ expression was not abolished by growing these strains at a temperature at which prodigiosin biosynthesis does not occur, suggesting that transcription of orf1 and orf4 is not temperature-sensitive. Other work done in this study included strain construction by the use of a Serratia marcescens generalised transducing phage (ΦOT8), and the construction of a Lac- strain of this species in which lacZ fusions were generated by TnphoA'-2 mutagenesis, and transduced into from an isogenic Lac+ strain

The Performance of CRTNT Fluorescence Light Detector for Sub-EeV Cosmic Ray Observation

Cosmic Ray Tau Neutrino Telescopes (CRTNT) using for sub-EeV cosmic ray measurement is discussed. Performances of a stereoscope configuration with a tower of those telescopes plus two side-triggers are studied. This is done by using a detailed detector simulation driven by Corsika. Detector aperture as a function of shower energy above 10^17 eV is calculated. Event rate of about 20k per year for the second knee measurement is estimated. Event rate for cross calibration with detectors working on higher energy range is also estimated. Different configurations of the detectors are tried for optimization.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to HEP & N

Improving on-farm agricultural water productivity in the Karkheh River Basin

Improving On-farm Agricultural Water Productivity in the Karkheh River Basin (KRB) was a CPWF project that aimed at enhancement of agricultural water productivity (WP) under irrigated and rainfed conditions in Karkheh River Basin. It was launched in Iran through the partnership of ICARDA and the Iranian NARES under the Agricultural Extension, Education, and Research Organization. The project lasted for more than four years between 2004 and 2008. Whereas capacity building was an important part of the agenda, PN8 was a participatory, multi-disciplinary, and action-oriented project that carried out mostly on-farm trials. Findings included existing crop water productivity, suitable technologies for their improvement, interactions between the upper and lower KRB, and a review of the prevailing water policies and institution

Experimental study on the energy absorption capability of circular corrugated tubes under lateral loading and axial loading

A new type of energy absorber called an expansion joint (i.e. a corrugated tube) is examined in this research. Several experiments are performed on three types of thin-walled specimen, namely circular tubes, preformed corrugated tubes and complete corrugated tubes, to investigate the energy absorption of steel specimens under different conditions for quasi-static lateral loading and axial loading. For this purpose, some steel specimens were compressed between two rigid platens in the axial direction, and the other specimens were laterally compressed. The preformed corrugated tubes and the complete corrugated tubes were produced by the hydroforming method. In each geometrical group of specimens, several tubes, which have different wall thicknesses, different inner diameters and different lengths and which are either empty or filled with polyurethane foam, were tested. Experiments show that, for a lateral load, the specific absorbed energies of the complete corrugated tubes are higher than those of the corresponding preformed corrugated tubes and circular tubes with the same characteristics. Tests show that, under lateral loading, a complete corrugated tube with a thicker wall and a smaller diameter is the optimum energy absorber system. Therefore, when a circular tube transforms into the corrugated tube, a better energy absorber system with a higher capability is achieved under lateral loading. Also, experiments show that, under axial loading, simple circular tubes with no forming process have higher specific absorbed energies than corrugated tubes do. Corrugated specimens have more controllable plastic deformation and a more regular deformation mode than simple tubes have. Tests under axial loading illustrate that, when the preformed corrugated tubes are filled with polyurethane foam, the specific absorbed energy increases by up to 74%. A comparison of the results on empty and filled specimens shows that, in some cases, the specific absorbed energies of corrugated tubes under lateral loading are higher than the specific absorbed energies of circular tubes under axial loading. This means that, by shaping the circular tubes into preformed corrugated tubes and complete corrugated tubes via the hydroforming process, a new thin-walled structure with a high specific absorbed energy during the lateral compression process is introduced

On Ordered (p; q)-Lateral Ideals in Ordered Ternary Semigroups

In this paper, we study some useful results of ordered (p; q)-lateral ideals in ordered ternary semigroups. Also, some properties of (p; q)-lateral simple ordered ternary semigroup have been examined. Further, we characterize the relationship between minimal (resp., maximal) ordered (p; q)- lateral ideals and (p; q)-lateral simple ordered ternary semigroups

Report of the Working Group on the Composition of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays

For the first time a proper comparison of the average depth of shower maximum ($X_{\rm max}$) published by the Pierre Auger and Telescope Array Observatories is presented. The $X_{\rm max}$ distributions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory were fit using simulated events initiated by four primaries (proton, helium, nitrogen and iron). The primary abundances which best describe the Auger data were simulated through the Telescope Array (TA) Middle Drum (MD) fluorescence and surface detector array. The simulated events were analyzed by the TA Collaboration using the same procedure as applied to their data. The result is a simulated version of the Auger data as it would be observed by TA. This analysis allows a direct comparison of the evolution of $\langle X_{\rm max} \rangle$ with energy of both data sets. The $\langle X_{\rm max} \rangle$ measured by TA-MD is consistent with a preliminary simulation of the Auger data through the TA detector and the average difference between the two data sets was found to be $(2.9 \pm 2.7\;(\text{stat.}) \pm 18\;(\text{syst.}))~\text{g/cm}^2$.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the UHECR workshop, Springdale USA, 201

An investigatiozn on Prime and Semiprime fuzzy hyperideals in po-ternary semihypergroups

The aim of this paper is to apply the concept of fuzzification on prime hyperideals and semiprime hyperideals in po-ternary semihypergroups and look for some of their related characteristics. Moreover, a number of characterizations for intra-regular po-ternary semihypergroups had been given by using the concept of fuzzy hyperideals

Measurement of zero degree single photon energy spectra for sqrt(s) = 7TeV proton-proton collisions at LHC

In early 2010, the Large Hadron Collider forward (LHCf) experiment measured very forward neutral particle spectra in LHC proton-proton collisions. From a limited data set taken under the best beam conditions (low beam-gas background and low occurance of pile-up events), the single photon spectra at sqrt(s)=7TeV and pseudo-rapidity (eta) ranges from 8.81 to 8.99 and from 10.94 to infinity were obtained for the first time and are reported in this paper. The spectra from two independent LHCf detectors are consistent with one another and serve as a cross check of the data. The photon spectra are also compared with the predictions of several hadron interaction models that are used extensively for modeling ultra high energy cosmic ray showers. Despite conservative estimates for the systematic errors, none of the models agree perfectly with the measurements. A notable difference is found between the data and the DPMJET 3.04 and PYTHIA 8.145 hadron interaction models above 2TeV where the models predict higher photon yield than the data. The QGSJET II-03 model predicts overall lower photon yield than the data, especially above 2TeV in the rapidity range 8.81<eta<8.99