A novel natural insecticide molecule for grain protection

We have isolated a novel bioactive molecule from the roots of Decalepis hamiltonii that shows insecticidal properties against the stored-product insects Sitophilus oryzae, Rhyzopertha dominica and Callosobruchus chinensis by contact bioassay (LC50: 0.033-0.044 mg/cm2). This compound proved effective as a grain protectant against stored product insects of wheat and green gram. The compound is a novel insecticidal molecule and a promising grain protectant of natural origin. Keywords: Decalepis hamiltonii, Decaleside- I, Insecticidal activity, Stored-product, insect pests, Grain protectio

An experimental evaluation of gastro protective activity of paracetamol on ulcerogenicity of some NSAIDs in albino rats

Background: Fixed dose combinations (FDCs) of NSAIDs are commonly prescribed and extensively sold over the counter. An indiscriminate usage of them leads to toxicity, mainly involving gastrointestinal system. Paracetamol appears to have controversial reputation regarding its gastro protective action. In this background, the study was planned to evaluate gastro protective effect of paracetamol on the ulcerogenicity of some relatively new NSAIDs in their therapeutic and sub therapeutic doses.Methods: Gatric toxicity and gastric juice analysis- Pyloric ligation method was adopted for assessing the ulcer index of 3 NSAIDs namely aceclofenac, nimesulide and lornoxicam individually and in combination with paracetamol. Gastric juice collected was subjected for total juice volume, free acidity, combined acidity and total acid output.Results: Paracetamol produced non significant gastric damage similar to that of control. When co administered with therapeutic doses of aceclofenac, nimesulide and lornoxicam, there was significant decrease in their gastric toxicity in a uniform manner and the ulcerogenicity of these NSAIDs in sub therapeutic doses was not affected by paracetamol. This upholds the uniform gastro protective activity of paracetamol in this study and this could be explained by its anti acid secretory action on gastric juice.Conclusions: Paracetamol, itself has least gastric damaging property. When co administered with other NSAIDs, their toxicity is rather reduced than enhancing the mucosal damage by them. Thus FDCs of various NSAIDs available in market are partially justifiable

A comparative evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two medicinal plants rubia cordifolia and cassia fistula in wistar albino rats

Background: Pain and inflammation are disabling accompaniments of many medical conditions. So, controlling both pain and inflammation assumes the top priority for the physician. Inflammation is a part of a complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, chemicals or irritants. Therapy of pain and inflammation has always been debatable.Methods: Rats were divided into 8 groups of 6 animals of each. The anti-inflammatory activity was studied with carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. The analgesic activity was evaluated using Eddy’s hot plate model. The aqueous extract of Rubia cardifolia root and Cassia fistula leaf preparations were compared with Diclofenac in both acute and sub acute inflammatory models and also in pain model.Results: Various test result parameters were statistically analysed at P value <0.5. In Eddy's hot plate model both RC and CF preparations prolonged the response reaction time, while CF preparation showed longer reaction time than that of RC preparation. In carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models, both RC and CF preparations showed significant decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight respectively, but less than that of Diclofenac. RC preparation found to have dose dependant in inflammatory models.Conclusions: RC root and CF leaf preparations were compared head to head and they have been found to have significant dose dependant analgesic activity and dose independent acute and sub acute anti inflammatory activities. Though CF leaf preparation appeared to be a good analgesic than RF root preparation, but failed to do so as an anti inflammatory agent in both inflammatory models. But both test preparations were not equivalent to Diclofenac in all three models

An experimental evaluation of anti-inflammatory activities of some combined NSAID preparations in albino rats

Background: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are among the most commonly used drugs across the globe and they are also available over the counter for minor symptoms of pain and inflammation. Their toxicity profile limits their continued usage and search is continuing for the better effective and safer agent.Methods: Interaction of paracetamol with diclofenac, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid were studied on carrageenan induced rat paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models. Potentiation of these NSAIDs by paracetamol was also studied on same models.Results: Addition of paracetamol did not increase anti-inflammatory activity of diclofenac, ibuprofen and mefenamic acid in both acute and subacute models of inflammation. Paracetamol found to potentiate the ibuprofen action in anti-inflammatory model where as in subacute inflammatory model diclofenac action was potentited.Conclusions: Our study does not support the rationality of various fixed dose combination of NSAIDs with paracetamol available in market. Either NSAIDs to be used individually or their dose need to be decreased in fixed dose combination

Variable potentiation of analgesic anti- inflammatory activity of diclofenac by two medicinal plants rubia cordifolia and cassia fistula in wistar albino rats

Background: NSAIDS are commonly prescribed drugs in clinical practice. However, their usage is limited by their toxicity profile and research continues for an alternative therapy with higher efficacy and safety. Various plant preparations found to be safe and effective are emerging, but their interactions with synthetic drugs are not much known.Methods: Wistar rats were divided in to four groups of six animals each Rubia cordifolia (RC) root preparation and casissia fistula (CF) leaf preparation were studied with sub anti-inflammatory dose of diclofenac in various analgesic, acute and subacute inflammatory models and test results variables were expressed in mean reaction time, paw edema volume and granuloma weight respectively.Results: Various test results were tabulated, statistically analysed and significance was calculated at P value <0.5. Eddy’s hot plate model did not show any significant change, but carrageenan induced paw edema model and cotton pellet induced granuloma model showed comparable decrease in paw edema volume and granuloma dry weight.Conclusions: Diclofenac, a standard analgesic and anti –inflammatory was not potentiated in pain model but it was potentiated in carrageenan and cotton pellet granuloma models in a variable manner. CF potentiates acute anti-inflammatory action, whereas RC potentiates subacute anti-inflammatory actions of diclofenac

Mode of action of the natural insecticide, decaleside involves sodium pump inhibition

Decalesides are a new class of natural insecticides which are toxic to insects by contact via the tarsal gustatory chemosensilla. The symptoms of their toxicity to insects and the rapid knockdown effect suggest neurotoxic action, but the precise mode of action and the molecular targets for decaleside action are not known. We have presented experimental evidence for the involvement of sodium pump inhibition in the insecticidal action of decaleside in the cockroach and housefly. The knockdown effect of decaleside is concomitant with the in vivo inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase in the head and thorax. The lack of insecticidal action by experimental ablation of tarsi or blocking the tarsal sites with paraffin correlated with lack of inhibition of Na+- K+ ATPase in vivo. Maltotriose, a trisaccharide, partially rescued the toxic action of decaleside as well as inhibition of the enzyme, suggesting the possible involvement of gustatory sugar receptors. In vitro studies with crude insect enzyme preparation and purified porcine Na+, K+ -ATPase showed that decaleside competitively inhibited the enzyme involving the ATP binding site. Our study shows that the insecticidal action of decaleside via the tarsal gustatory sites is causally linked to the inhibition of sodium pump which represents a unique mode of action. The precise target(s) for decaleside in the tarsal chemosensilla and the pathway linked to inhibition of sodium pump and the insecticidal action remain to be understood

Differential spatial modulation for high-rate transmission systems

This paper introduces a new differential spatial modulation (DSM) scheme which subsumes both the previously introduced DSM and high-rate spatial modulation (HR-SM) for wireless multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmission. By combining the codeword design method of the HR-SM scheme with the encoding method of the DSM scheme, we develop a high-rate differential spatial modulation (HR-DSM) scheme equipped with an arbitrary number of transmit antennas that requires channel state information (CSI) neither at the transmitter nor at the receiver. The proposed approach can be applied to any equal energy signal constellations. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the proposed HR-DSM schemes is evaluated by using both theoretical upper bound and computer simulations. It is shown that for the same spectral efficiency and antenna configuration, the proposed HR-DSM outperforms the DSM in terms of bit error rate (BER) performance

Duodeno-pancreatic and extrahepatic biliary tree trauma: WSES-AAST guidelines

Duodeno-pancreatic and extrahepatic biliary tree injuries are rare in both adult and pediatric trauma patients, and due to their anatomical location, associated injuries are very common. Mortality is primarily related to associated injuries, but morbidity remains high even in isolated injuries. Optimal management of duodeno-bilio-pancreatic injuries is dictated primarily by hemodynamic stability, clinical presentation, and grade of injury. Endoscopic and percutaneous interventions have increased the ability to non-operatively manage these injuries. Late diagnosis and treatment are both associated to increased morbidity and mortality. Sequelae of late presentations of pancreatic injury and complications of severe pancreatic trauma are also increasingly addressed endoscopically and with interventional radiology procedures. However, for moderate and severe extrahepatic biliary and severe duodeno-pancreatic injuries, immediate operative intervention is preferred as associated injuries are frequent and commonly present with hemodynamic instability or peritonitis. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) duodenal, pancreatic, and extrahepatic biliary tree trauma management guidelines

Izloženost štakora niskim razinama olova tijekom fetalnog i ranoga postnatalnog razvoja šteti učenju pasivnim izbjegavanjem kazne kasnije u odrasloj dobi

This follow-up study investigated the effects of low-level lead exposure during prenatal and early postnatal period on learning and memory in rats immediately after exposure has ceased at weaning and later in their adulthood. Male Wistar-derived rats were exposed to lead (as 0.2 % lead acetate solution) through their mothers during pregnancy and lactation until they were weaned. Mothers of control rats were given tap water during pregnancy and lactation. All pups were weaned on tap water at 21 days of age and were followed up until 120 days old. Low-level lead exposure did not affect their body weight at any time during the experiment. Blood lead in the exposed rats was significantly higher on postnatal day 22 and dropped to control values by day 120. Passive avoidance test showed impaired memory retention in the exposed rats on postnatal days 25 and 120. This suggests that exposure to low-lead levels during foetal and early postnatal development of brain tissue can cause memory impairment that lasts into adulthood.Cilj je ovoga prospektivnog istraživanja bio utvrditi kako izloženost niskim razinama olova tijekom gestacije i ranoga postnatalnog razvoja utječe na učenje i pamćenje u štakora odmah nakon prestanka izloženosti (odbijanjem od sise) te kasnije u odrasloj dobi. Mužjaci štakora izloženi su olovu u obliku 0,2 %-tne otopine olovova acetata preko majke tijekom gestacije te za cijeloga trajanja laktacije sve do odbijanja od sise. Sve to vrijeme majke kontrolnih štakora dobivale su vodu iz pipe. Svi su štakorčići odbijeni od sise 21 dan nakon okota i otada piju vodu iz pipe. Praćeni su do 120. dana života. Izloženost niskim razinama olova nije dovela do razlika u tjelesnoj težini između izloženih i kontrolnih štakorčića. Razine olova u krvi bile su značajno više u izloženih štakora 22 dana od okota, da bi do 120. dana pale na razinu u kontrolnih štakora. Test pasivnoga izbjegavanja pokazao je oštećenje pamćenja u izloženih štakora 25. i 120. dana nakon okota. To potvrđuje da izloženost niskim razinama olova tijekom fetalnoga i ranoga postnatalnog razvoja moždanog tkiva može dovesti to oštećenja u pamćenju koje traje sve do odrasle dobi