125 research outputs found
On The Complexity and Completeness of Static Constraints for Breaking Row and Column Symmetry
We consider a common type of symmetry where we have a matrix of decision
variables with interchangeable rows and columns. A simple and efficient method
to deal with such row and column symmetry is to post symmetry breaking
constraints like DOUBLELEX and SNAKELEX. We provide a number of positive and
negative results on posting such symmetry breaking constraints. On the positive
side, we prove that we can compute in polynomial time a unique representative
of an equivalence class in a matrix model with row and column symmetry if the
number of rows (or of columns) is bounded and in a number of other special
cases. On the negative side, we show that whilst DOUBLELEX and SNAKELEX are
often effective in practice, they can leave a large number of symmetric
solutions in the worst case. In addition, we prove that propagating DOUBLELEX
completely is NP-hard. Finally we consider how to break row, column and value
symmetry, correcting a result in the literature about the safeness of combining
different symmetry breaking constraints. We end with the first experimental
study on how much symmetry is left by DOUBLELEX and SNAKELEX on some benchmark
problems.Comment: To appear in the Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on
Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP 2010
Constituents of Kawal, fermented Cassia obtusifolia leaves, a traditional food from Chad
Femented leaves of Cassia obtusifolia are used as a substitute of meat or an appetizing agent by people of eastern of Chad and south of Sudan. Chemical composition of the methylene chloride extract from the fermented leaves of this legume was analyzed for the first time by GC and GC/MC. Thirty threeconstituents were identified. The major components are found to be aliphatic acids and identified as hexanoic acid (27%), butyric acid (10.4%) and valeric acid (6.3%) with lesser amounts of p-ethylphenol (17.2%) and p-methylphenol (13%). Examination of the protein fraction from leaves indicated 20.2% inthe crude leaves and 12.9% in the fermented leaves. The participation of 10 g of fermented C. obtusifolia leaves to the daily requirements in essential amino acids of an adult is from 13 to 25% of needed amount. Moreover this traditional food had a high content of potassium and calcium
Galaxy interactions are the dominant trigger for local type 2 quasars
The triggering mechanism for the most luminous, quasar-like active galactic
nuclei (AGN) remains a source of debate, with some studies favouring triggering
via galaxy mergers, but others finding little evidence to support this
mechanism. Here, we present deep Isaac Newton Telescope/Wide Field Camera
imaging observations of a complete sample of 48 optically-selected type 2
quasars the QSOFEED sample (L10; ). Based on visual inspection by eight classifiers, we find clear evidence
that galaxy interactions are the dominant triggering mechanism for quasar
activity in the local universe, with 65 per cent of the type 2
quasar hosts showing morphological features consistent with galaxy mergers or
encounters, compared with only 22 per cent of a stellar-mass- and
redshift-matched comparison sample of non-AGN galaxies a 5
difference. The type 2 quasar hosts are a factor 3.0 more
likely to be morphologically disturbed than their matched non-AGN counterparts,
similar to our previous results for powerful 3CR radio AGN of comparable [OIII]
emission-line luminosity and redshift. In contrast to the idea that quasars are
triggered at the peaks of galaxy mergers as the two nuclei coalesce, and only
become visible post-coalescence, the majority of morphologically-disturbed type
2 quasar sources in our sample are observed in the pre-coalescence phase
(61 per cent). We argue that much of the apparent ambiguity that
surrounds observational results in this field is a result of differences in the
surface brightness depths of the observations, combined with the effects of
cosmological surface brightness dimming.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 17 pages, 7 figure
Do AGN triggering mechanisms vary with radio power? â II. The importance of mergers as a function of radio power and optical luminosity
Investigation of the triggering mechanisms of radio active galactic nuclei (radio AGN) is important for improving our general understanding of galaxy evolution. In the first paper in this series, detailed morphological analysis of high-excitation radio galaxies (HERGs) with intermediate radio powers suggested that the importance of triggering via galaxy mergers and interactions increases strongly with AGN radio power and weakly with optical emission-line luminosity. Here, we use an online classification interface to expand our morphological analysis to a much larger sample of 155 active galaxies (3CR radio galaxies, radio-intermediate HERGs, and Type 2 quasars) that covers a broad range in both 1.4 GHz radio power and [OâIII] λ5007 emission-line luminosity. All active galaxy samples are found to exhibit excesses in their rates of morphological disturbance relative to 378 stellar-mass- and redshift-matched non-active control galaxies classified randomly and blindly alongside them. These excesses are highest for the 3CR HERGs (4.7Ï) and Type 2 quasar hosts (3.9Ï), supporting the idea that galaxy mergers provide the dominant triggering mechanism for these subgroups. When the full active galaxy sample is considered, there is clear evidence to suggest that the enhancement in the rate of disturbance relative to the controls increases strongly with [OâIII] λ5007 emission-line luminosity but not with 1.4 GHz radio power. Evidence that the dominant AGN host types change from early-type galaxies at high radio powers to late-type galaxies at low radio powers is also found, suggesting that triggering by secular, disc-based processes holds more importance for lower-power radio AGN
Safety perspectives on presently considered drugs for the treatment of COVIDâ19
Intense efforts are underway to evaluate potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of COVIDâ19. In order to respond quickly to the crisis, the repurposing of existing drugs is the primary pharmacological strategy. Despite the urgent clinical need for these therapies, it is imperative to consider potential safety issues. This is important due to the harmâbenefit ratios that may be encountered when treating COVIDâ19, which can depend on the stage of the disease, when therapy is administered and underlying clinical factors in individual patients. Treatments are currently being trialled for a range of scenarios from prophylaxis (where benefit must greatly exceed risk) to severe lifeâthreatening disease (where a degree of potential risk may be tolerated if it is exceeded by the potential benefit). In this perspective, we have reviewed some of the most widely researched repurposed agents in order to identify potential safety considerations using existing information in the context of COVIDâ19
The involvement of miR-100 in bladder urothelial carcinogenesis changing the expression levels of mRNA and proteins of genes related to cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis and chromosomal stability
A General Approach for Predicting the Filtration of Soft and Permeable Colloids: The Milk Example
Membrane filtration operations (ultra-, microfiltration) are now extensively used for concentrating or separating an ever-growing variety of colloidal dispersions. However, the phenomena that determine the efficiency of these operations are not yet fully understood. This is especially the case when dealing with colloids that are soft, deformable, and permeable. In this paper, we propose a methodology for building a model that is able to predict the performance (flux, concentration profiles) of the filtration of such objects in relation with the operating conditions. This is done by focusing on the case of milk filtration, all experiments being performed with dispersions of milk casein micelles, which are sort of âłnaturalâł colloidal microgels. Using this example, we develop the general idea that a filtration model can always be built for a given colloidal dispersion as long as this dispersion has been characterized in terms of osmotic pressure Î and hydraulic permeability k. For soft and permeable colloids, the major issue is that the permeability k cannot be assessed in a trivial way like in the case for hard-sphere colloids. To get around this difficulty, we follow two distinct approaches to actually measure k: a direct approach, involving osmotic stress experiments, and a reverse-calculation approach, that consists of estimating k through well-controlled filtration experiments. The resulting filtration model is then validated against experimental measurements obtained from combined milk filtration/SAXS experiments. We also give precise examples of how the model can be used, as well as a brief discussion on the possible universality of the approach presented here
Palaeozoic Basement of the Pyrenees
International audienceIn the Pyrenees, the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician strata represent a quiescent time span with no remarkable tectonic activity, followed by a late Early-Mid Ordovician episode of uplift and erosion that led to the formation of the Sardic unconformity. Silurian sedimentation was widespread and transgressive followed by a Devonian succession characterized by a complex mosaic of sedi-mentary facies. Carboniferous pre-Variscan sediments (Tournaisian-Viséan cherts and limestones) precede the arrival of the synorogenic siliciclastic supplies of the Culm flysch at the Late Serpukhovian. All this succession was subsequently affected by the Serpukhovian-Bashkirian (Variscan) collision, as a result of which, the Palaeozoic rocks were incorporated into the northeastern branch of the Ibero-Armorican Arc
Circulating Pneumolysin Is a Potent Inducer of Cardiac Injury during Pneumococcal Infection
Streptococcus pneumoniae accounts for more deaths worldwide than any other single pathogen through diverse disease manifestations including pneumonia, sepsis and meningitis. Life-threatening acute cardiac complications are more common in pneumococcal infection compared to other bacterial infections. Distinctively, these arise despite effective antibiotic therapy. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of myocardial injury, which is triggered and sustained by circulating pneumolysin (PLY). Using a mouse model of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD), we demonstrate that wild type PLY-expressing pneumococci but not PLY-deficient mutants induced elevation of circulating cardiac troponins (cTns), well-recognized biomarkers of cardiac injury. Furthermore, elevated cTn levels linearly correlated with pneumococcal blood counts (r=0.688, p=0.001) and levels were significantly higher in non-surviving than in surviving mice. These cTn levels were significantly reduced by administration of PLY-sequestering liposomes. Intravenous injection of purified PLY, but not a non-pore forming mutant (PdB), induced substantial increase in cardiac troponins to suggest that the pore-forming activity of circulating PLY is essential for myocardial injury in vivo. Purified PLY and PLY-expressing pneumococci also caused myocardial inflammatory changes but apoptosis was not detected. Exposure of cultured cardiomyocytes to PLY-expressing pneumococci caused dose-dependent cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction and death, which was exacerbated by further PLY release following antibiotic treatment. We found that high PLY doses induced extensive cardiomyocyte lysis, but more interestingly, sub-lytic PLY concentrations triggered profound calcium influx and overload with subsequent membrane depolarization and progressive reduction in intracellular calcium transient amplitude, a key determinant of contractile force. This was coupled to activation of signalling pathways commonly associated with cardiac dysfunction in clinical and experimental sepsis and ultimately resulted in depressed cardiomyocyte contractile performance along with rhythm disturbance. Our study proposes a detailed molecular mechanism of pneumococcal toxin-induced cardiac injury and highlights the major translational potential of targeting circulating PLY to protect against cardiac complications during pneumococcal infections
Influence of festival attribute qualities on Slow Food touristsâ experience, satisfaction level and revisit intention
The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of Slow Food festival attributes on visitorsâ overall experience, their satisfaction level and revisit intention. A total of 209 useable questionnaires were collected from visitors at Mold Slow Food Festival and Exploratory Factor Analysis was conducted using AMOS 19.0. A theoretical model representing the relationships among festival attribute qualities, experience quality, satisfaction level and revisit intention is examined using path analysis. With the addition of new paths from programmes to satisfaction and food and other amenities to satisfaction, a revised theoretical model emerged. It indicated that all three festival attribute qualities (programmes, food and other amenities and entertainment) have direct impacts on the visitorsâ overall experience and satisfaction; however only the quality of food and other amenities contributed directly to revisit intention of the Slow Food festival
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