CPT, CP, and C transformations of fermions, and their consequences, in theories with B-L violation

We consider the transformation properties of fermions under the discrete symmetries CPT, CP, and C in the presence of B-L violation. We thus generalize the analysis of the known properties of Majorana neutrinos, probed via neutrinoless double beta decay, to include the case of Dirac fermions with B-L violation, which can be probed via neutron-antineutron oscillations. We show that the resulting CPT phase has implications for the interplay of neutron-antineutron oscillations with external fields and sources and consider the differences in the Majorana dynamics of neutrinos and neutrons in the context of theories with self-conjugate isospin I=0 and I=1/2 fields.Comment: 23 pages; refs. and acknowledgement added with minor changes; published versio

Phenomenology of neutron-antineutron conversion

We consider the possibility of neutron-antineutron ($n-\bar n$) conversion, in which the change of a neutron into an antineutron is mediated by an external source, as can occur in a scattering process. We develop the connections between $n-{\bar n}$ conversion and $n-{\bar n}$ oscillation, in which a neutron spontaneously tranforms into an antineutron, noting that if $n-{\bar n}$ oscillation occurs in a theory with B-L violation, then $n-{\bar n}$ conversion can occur also. We show how an experimental limit on $n-{\bar n}$ conversion could connect concretely to a limit on $n-{\bar n}$ oscillation, and vice versa, using effective field theory techniques and baryon matrix elements computed in the M.I.T. bag model.Comment: 19 pages, REVTeX, 3 figures; typos fixed and minor clarifications and refs. adde

NEUTRON-ANTINEUTRON TRANSITIONS: EXPLORING \u3cem\u3eB – L\u3c/em\u3e VIOLATION WITH QUARKS

In the Standard Model (SM), the quantity baryon number (B) − lepton number (L), B − L, is perfectly conserved. Therefore, the observation of B − L violation would reveal the existence of physics beyond the SM. Traditionally, given the severe experimental constraints on |∆B| = 1 processes, B − L violation with baryons is probed via neutron-antineutron (n − n̄) oscillations, although this process suffers from quenching in the presence of external fields or matter. In this dissertation, we discuss another possibility, n − n̄ conversion, in which the |∆B| = 2 process appears with an external source. We start with the Lorentz invariant B − L violating operators of lowest mass dimension and show how the appearance of constraints on the “arbitrary” phases in the discrete symmetry trans- formations help restrict the possible low energy n − n̄ transformation operators. To explain the appearance of CPT odd n − n̄ transition operators (although they eventually vanish due to the fermion anticommutation relations), we connect it to theories of self-conjugate isofermions and show that the appearance of n − n̄ oscillations cannot occur in pure Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in the chiral limit. We then show how n − n̄ conversion can be free from quenching and demonstrate one way how it can be connected to n − n̄ oscillations since the quarks carry electromagnetic charge. Effective field theory is utilized to find the quark-level conversion operators and to determine the coupling parameter associated with the nuclear-level conversion operators. Finally, we argue how n − n̄ conversion can provide a complementary probe to oscillation experiments. We discuss possible n − n̄ conversion proposals and explicitly show how n − n̄ conversion experiments can set limits on the scale of B − L violation

\u3cem\u3eCPT\u3c/em\u3e, \u3cem\u3eCP\u3c/em\u3e, and \u3cem\u3eC\u3c/em\u3e Transformations of Fermions, and Their Consequences, in Theories with \u3cem\u3eB − L\u3c/em\u3e Violation

We consider the transformation properties of fermions under the discrete symmetries CPT, CP, and C in the presence of B − L violation. We thus generalize the analysis of the known properties of Majorana neutrinos, probed via neutrinoless double beta decay, to include the case of Dirac fermions with B − L violation, which can be probed via neutron-antineutron oscillations. We show that the resulting CPT phase has implications for the interplay of neutron-antineutron oscillations with external fields and sources and consider the differences in the Majorana dynamics of neutrinos and neutrons in the context of theories with self-conjugate isospin I = 0 and I = 1/2 fields

Processes That Break Baryon Number by Two Units and the Majorana Nature of the Neutrino

We employ the simplest possible models of scalar-fermion interactions that are consistent with the gauge symmetries of the Standard Model and permit no proton decay to analyze the connections possible among processes that break baryon number by two units. For the remainder of the abstract, please download this article or visit: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2019.01.05

Processes that break baryon number by two units and the Majorana nature of the neutrino

We employ the simplest possible models of scalar-fermion interactions that are consistent with the gauge symmetries of the Standard Model and permit no proton decay to analyze the connections possible among processes that break baryon number by two units. In this context we show how the observation of $n$-${\bar n}$ oscillations and of a pattern of particular nucleon-antinucleon conversion processes --- all accessible through e-d scattering --- namely, selecting from $e^- p \to e^+ {\bar p}$, $e^- p \to {\bar n} {\bar \nu}$, $e^- n \to {\bar p} {\bar \nu}$, and $e^- n \to e^- {\bar n}$ would reveal that the decay $\pi^- \pi^- \to e^- e^-$ must occur also. This latter process is the leading contribution to neutrinoless double beta decay in nuclei mediated by new short-distance physics, in contrast to that mediated by light Majorana neutrino exchange. The inferred existence of $\pi^- \pi^- \to e^- e^-$ would also reveal the Majorana nature of the neutrino, though the absence of this inference would not preclude it.Comment: 16 pages, explanatory figure and discussion, with analysis of existing phenomenological constraints, added; version to appear in Physics Letters

Trapping Penguins with Entangled B Mesons

The first direct observation of time-reversal (T) violation in the $B\bar{B}$ system has been reported by the BaBar collaboration, employing the method of Ba$\tilde {\rm n}\!$uls and Bernab\'eu. Given this, we generalize their analysis of the time-dependent T-violating asymmetry ($A_{T}$) to consider different choices of CP tags for which the dominant amplitudes have the same weak phase. As one application, we find that it is possible to measure departures from the universality of $\sin(2\beta)$ directly. If $\sin(2\beta)$ is universal, as in the Standard Model, the method permits the direct determination of penguin effects in these channels. Our method, although no longer a strict test of T, can yield tests of the $\sin(2\beta)$ universality, or, alternatively, of penguin effects, of much improved precision even with existing data sets.Comment: 11 pages, 2 figures; refs. added; reframed with expanded discussions; version to appear in PLB; Metadata abstract updated onl

Hubungan Kandidiasis Intertriginosa dan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUD Dokter Soedarso Pontianak pada Tahun 2012

Background. Intertriginous candidiasis is a type of cutaneous candidiasiswhich is located at the axila, inguinal, intergluteal, inframammary,interdigitalis, glands penis, and umbilicus. One of the risk factors ofintertriginous candidiasis patient is people with diabetes mellitus (DM).The increase of glucose concentration makes more susceptible frominfection. Objective. Define the association between intertriginouscandidiasis and DM type 2. Method. This research was a case controlstudy which took place in Dermatovenereology Outpatient Clinic RSUD dr.Soedarso from June until November 2013. The minimum sample for thisresearch was 126 people and divided into two groups. The case groupconsisted of 63 people and the control group consisted of 63 people. Thesubjects were selected by using consecutive sampling and analyzed bychi-square test. Result. There was an association between intertriginouscandidiasis with DM type 2 (p= 0,01). Odds Ratio (OR) value of thisresearch was 2,621 (IK 95% : 1,246 5,516). Conclusion. Intertriginouscandidiasis is associated with DM type 2 and people with DM type 2 havea possibility of 2,621 times higher risk of acquiring intertriginouscandidiasis than people without diabetes mellitus