El entendimiento sobre el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre China y Chile

Las relaciones chino-chilenas se encuentran actualmente en la mejor época de su historia, y al mismo tiempo, enfrentan una oportunidad importante para profundizarlas. Teniendo presente la situación del mundo y de la Cuenca del Pacífico, así como las relaciones chino-chilenas, ambos países resolvieron que era importante establecer mecanismos económico-comerciales bilaterales, y en junio de 2002, la República Popular China propuso a Chile iniciar negociaciones orientadas a suscribir un tratado de libre comercio, las que se formalizaron en noviembre de 2004, durante la cumbre de APEC. Tras 5 rondas de negociaciones, el 18 de noviembre de 2005 se firmó oficialmente el Tratado de Libre Comercio entre ambos países. Este importante paso puede reforzarse en el futuro aprovechando la creciente globalización económica, los avances de la ciencia y de la tecnología, las nuevas facilidades de transferencia de información y de comunicaciones y transporte, y afianzando el intercambio político y entre diversos sectores sociales de ambos países, a fin de profundizar el conocimiento y el entendimiento recíprocos. Para profundizar aún más esta relación se hace por tanto necesario, mantener intercambios entre las esferas políticas de ambos países; reforzar el intercambio entre los diversos sectores sociales; iniciar y completar cuanto antes las negociaciones sobre servicios e inversión al mismo tiempo, hay que reglamentar las relaciones económico-comerciales bilaterales en el marco del tratado de libre comercio, y reforzar la cooperación bilateral dirigida a terceros países, para que los efectos de estas se amplíen hacia el resto de los países de Sudamérica y Asia; explorar y probar nuevos modelos y formas de cooperación chino-chilena; y explotar las potencialidades de las empresas privadas de China, a fin de que participen en los esfuerzos por afianzar relaciones mutuas, incluso en las microempresas y las empresas pequeñas, medianas y grandes

A SPLIT Model for Extraction of Subpixel Impervious Surface Information

This paper introduces a Subpixel Proportional Land cover Information Transformation (SPLIT) model to extract proportions of impervious surfaces in urban and suburban areas. High spatial resolution airborne Digital Multispectral Videography (DMSV) data provided subpixel information for Landsat TM data. The SPLIT model employed a Modularized Artificial Neural Network (MANN) to integrate multi-sensor remote sensing data and to extract proportions of impervious surfaces and other types of land cover within TM pixels. Through a control unit, the MANN was able to decompose a complex task into multiple subtasks by using a group of sub-networks. The SPLIT model identified spectral relations between TM pixel values and the corresponding DMSV subpixel patterns. The established relationship allows extrapolation of the SPLIT model to the areas beyond DMSV data coverage. We applied five intervals, i.e., \u3c20 percent, 21 to 40 percent, 41 to 60 percent, 61 to 80 percent, and \u3e81 percent, to map the subpixel proportions of land cover types. We extrapolated the SPLIT model from training sites that have both TM and DMSV coverage into the entire DuPage County with TM data as the input. The extrapolation received 82.9 percent overall accuracy for the extracted proportions of urban impervious surface

Demonstration of Geometric Landau-Zener Interferometry in a Superconducting Qubit

Geometric quantum manipulation and Landau-Zener interferometry have been separately explored in many quantum systems. In this Letter, we combine these two approaches to study the dynamics of a superconducting phase qubit. We experimentally demonstrate Landau-Zener interferometry based on the pure geometric phases in this solid-state qubit. We observe the interference caused by a pure geometric phase accumulated in the evolution between two consecutive Landau-Zener transitions, while the dynamical phase is canceled out by a spin-echo pulse. The full controllability of the qubit state as a function of the intrinsically robust geometric phase provides a promising approach for quantum state manipulation.Comment: 5 pages + 3 pages supplemental Materia

A comparative study of the Chinese characters in the Graded list and the EBCL list

This study scrutinizes the Chinese characters in two reference works compiled as part of two projects: the Graded list and the EBCL list. Situated in the character-based theory, the characters compiled in both are examined in depth from the perspective of character complexity, character structure, semantic and phonetic radical transparency, frequency of character and frequency of word formation. The results show that the two lists share similarities in terms of distribution of characters of different structures, level of semantic radical transparency, and frequencies of character and word formation. The character complexity of the Graded list is higher than that of the EBCL, while the level of phonetic radical transparency of the Graded list is lower than that of the EBCL list. With the Graded list, the high demands of character learning need to be borne in mind; this is due to the visual load of character complexity and the pronunciation information provided in phonetic radicals. Against a backdrop of increasing demand for CFL pedagogical materials, the differences and similarities between the two lists analysed and discussed in this study contribute to their pedagogical applications in teaching and learning Chinese characters

A Unified Framework for Testing High Dimensional Parameters: A Data-Adaptive Approach

High dimensional hypothesis test deals with models in which the number of parameters is significantly larger than the sample size. Existing literature develops a variety of individual tests. Some of them are sensitive to the dense and small disturbance, and others are sensitive to the sparse and large disturbance. Hence, the powers of these tests depend on the assumption of the alternative scenario. This paper provides a unified framework for developing new tests which are adaptive to a large variety of alternative scenarios in high dimensions. In particular, our framework includes arbitrary hypotheses which can be tested using high dimensional $U$-statistic based vectors. Under this framework, we first develop a broad family of tests based on a novel variant of the $L_p$-norm with $p\in \{1,\dots,\infty\}$. We then combine these tests to construct a data-adaptive test that is simultaneously powerful under various alternative scenarios. To obtain the asymptotic distributions of these tests, we utilize the multiplier bootstrap for $U$-statistics. In addition, we consider the computational aspect of the bootstrap method and propose a novel low-cost scheme. We prove the optimality of the proposed tests. Thorough numerical results on simulated and real datasets are provided to support our theory

Performance Analysis of Evolutionary Algorithms for the Minimum Label Spanning Tree Problem

Some experimental investigations have shown that evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are efficient for the minimum label spanning tree (MLST) problem. However, we know little about that in theory. As one step towards this issue, we theoretically analyze the performances of the (1+1) EA, a simple version of EAs, and a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm called GSEMO on the MLST problem. We reveal that for the MLST$_{b}$ problem the (1+1) EA and GSEMO achieve a $\frac{b+1}{2}$-approximation ratio in expected polynomial times of $n$ the number of nodes and $k$ the number of labels. We also show that GSEMO achieves a $(2ln(n))$-approximation ratio for the MLST problem in expected polynomial time of $n$ and $k$. At the same time, we show that the (1+1) EA and GSEMO outperform local search algorithms on three instances of the MLST problem. We also construct an instance on which GSEMO outperforms the (1+1) EA