Wigandia brevistyla: una nueva Hydrophyllaceae de la República Dominicana

Wigandia brevistyla X. Cornejo is segregated here from W. pruritivaSpreng. due to its characteristics. Very short styles, shorter corollas and a distinctive allopatric distribution, that is restricted to the central mountain range (Cordillera Central) in the Dominican Republic.Se propone un nuevo taxon, Wigandia brevistyla X. Cornejo, segregado de W. pruritiva Spreng., por presentar unos estilos muy cortos, corolas pequeñas, y una clara distribución alopátrica, restringida al área de la Cordillera Central, en la República Dominicana

Una nueva combinación en Steriphoma paradoxum (Jacq.) Endl. (Capparaceae)

Steriphoma paradoxum (Jacq.) Endl. subsp. venezolanum (Briq.) X. Cornejo is proposed as a new combination because of marked differences in gynophores, stamens, and pedicels between the Mesoamerican and Venezuelan populations. The Briquet binomial is recovered for the subspecific range.Debido a las notables diferencias entre las longitudes de los ginóforos, estambres y pedicelos que presentan las poblaciones mesoamericanas en comparación con las venezolanas, se propone para estas últimas la nueva combinación Steriphoma paradoxum (Jacq.) Endl. subsp. venezolanum (Briq.) X. Cornejo, rescatando el binomio de Briquet en el rango subespecífico

Incidencia de la legítima defensa personal en la legislación penal ecuatoriana, en la provincia de Cotopaxi, cantón Latacunga, parroquia Eloy Alfaro, barrio Dr. Estupiñan, periodo 2001-2002.

Nuestro país ha ingresado a la política de respeto por el Derecho Penal Humanitario, al actuar dentro de los márgenes que establece el Art. 76 de la Constitución de la República, con pensamientos ideológicos y políticos de un Estado Social de derecho, respetando en todo momento la dignidad, derechos y garantías legales del procesado. Se entiende, que no se puede modificar la cultura social sin cambiar el sistema procesal, para que exista una práctica judicial equitativa, corresponde recordar que todos los ciudadanos, en especial los que administran justicia están obligados a cambiar su forma de pensar y su actitud frente a los diferentes casos que están por resolver, con conocimiento de causa y reconociendo en todo momento los derechos humanos del ciudadano..

Unveiling Viruses Associated with Gastroenteritis Using a Metagenomics Approach

Acute infectious gastroenteritis is an important illness worldwide, especially on children, with viruses accounting for approximately 70% of the acute cases. A high number of these cases have an unknown etiological agent and the rise of next generation sequencing technologies has opened new opportunities for viral pathogen detection and discovery. Viral metagenomics in routine clinical settings has the potential to identify unexpected or novel variants of viral pathogens that cause gastroenteritis. In this study, 124 samples from acute gastroenteritis patients from 2012-2014 previously tested negative for common gastroenteritis pathogens were pooled by age and analyzed by next generation sequencing (NGS) to elucidate unidentified viral infections. The most abundant sequences detected potentially associated to acute gastroenteritis were from Astroviridae and Caliciviridae families, with the detection of norovirus GIV and sapoviruses. Lower number of contigs associated to rotaviruses were detected. As expected, other viruses that may be associated to gastroenteritis but also produce persistent infections in the gut were identified including several Picornaviridae members (EV, parechoviruses, cardioviruses) and adenoviruses. According to the sequencing data, astroviruses, sapoviruses and NoV GIV should be added to the list of viral pathogens screened in routine clinical analysis

Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) como maleza introducida en Ecuador: distribución espacio-temporal y riesgo de invasión

Momordica charantia, an alien vine weed native to tropical and subtropical Asia and Africa, is widely distributed in Ecuador. In this study, we examined the temporal and spatial distribution of M. charantia records and evaluated its invasion risk for Ecuador. Occurrences of the species were collected from various sources (databases and herbaria). The distribution of the species in Ecuador and priority conservation areas was analyzed, considering its climatic and ecosystem preferences. An invasion risk analysis was conducted for Continental Ecuador. Our results indicated that M. charantia was reported for the first time in the Coastal Region of Ecuador in 1846. The cause of its introduction remains unknown; however, one potential pathway for its expansion could be linked to its utilization as a medicinal plant in Ecuador. The species is now naturalized in Ecuador and recorded in all four regions, including the Galápagos Islands. The species was detected in 18 priority conservation areas, where its abundance appears incipient, and its eradication feasible. Citizen science (iNaturalist) provided the majority of species records, emphasizing its importance for monitoring alien species. Although M. charantia has a limited occurrence in natural environments (most of the records, 89%, are in disturbed areas), the species was categorized as “high risk” in Ecuador due to the country’s climatically suitable regions for its establishment. Additionally, M. charantia has a high capacity for long-distance dispersal and considerable potential to become a weed in crops, posing a threat to agriculture. We highlight that the occurrence of M. charantia in disturbed areas could constitute a propagule source towards crop areas, where the species could behave as a weed. The management of M. charantia populations near crops could mitigate its potential agricultural impacts.Momordica charantia, una maleza trepadora introducida, es nativa del trópico y subtrópico de Asia y África y se encuentra ampliamente distribuida en Ecuador. En este estudio, examinamos la distribución espacio-temporal de los registros de M. charantia y evaluamos su riesgo de invasión para Ecuador. Se recolectaron ocurrencias de la especie de diversas fuentes (bases de datos y herbarios). Se analizó la distribución de la especie en Ecuador y en áreas prioritarias de conservación, considerando sus preferencias climáticas y ecosistémicas. Se realizó un análisis de riesgo de invasión para Ecuador Continental. Nuestros resultados indicaron que M. charantia fue reportada por primera vez en Ecuador en la región de la costa en 1846. La causa de su introducción es desconocida; sin embargo, una posible vía para su expansión podría estar relacionada con su uso como planta medicinal en Ecuador. Actualmente, la especie está naturalizada en Ecuador y se ha registrado en las cuatro regiones, incluyendo las Islas Galápagos. Se detectó la presencia de la especie en 18 áreas prioritarias de conservación, donde su abundancia parece incipiente y su erradicación factible. La ciencia ciudadana (i.e. iNaturalist) proporcionó la mayoría de los registros de la especie, resaltando su importancia para monitorear especies invasoras. Aunque M. charantia tiene una presencia limitada en ambientes naturales (el 89% de los registros se encuentran en áreas perturbadas), la especie fue categorizada como de “alto riesgo” debido a que en Ecuador hay regiones climáticamente adecuadas para su establecimiento. Además, M. charantia tiene una alta capacidad de dispersión a larga distancia y un considerable potencial para convertirse en maleza en cultivos, representando una amenaza para la agricultura. Destacamos que la presencia de M. charantia en áreas perturbadas podría constituir una fuente de propagación hacia áreas cultivadas, donde la especie podría comportarse como maleza. El manejo de las poblaciones de M. charantia cerca de los cultivos podría mitigar sus posibles impactos agrícolas

Combining metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and viromics to explore novel microbial interactions: towards a systems-level understanding of human microbiome

AbstractThe advances in experimental methods and the development of high performance bioinformatic tools have substantially improved our understanding of microbial communities associated with human niches. Many studies have documented that changes in microbial abundance and composition of the human microbiome is associated with human health and diseased state. The majority of research on human microbiome is typically focused in the analysis of one level of biological information, i.e., metagenomics or metatranscriptomics. In this review, we describe some of the different experimental and bioinformatic strategies applied to analyze the 16S rRNA gene profiling and shotgun sequencing data of the human microbiome. We also discuss how some of the recent insights in the combination of metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and viromics can provide more detailed description on the interactions between microorganisms and viruses in oral and gut microbiomes. Recent studies on viromics have begun to gain importance due to the potential involvement of viruses in microbial dysbiosis. In addition, metatranscriptomic combined with metagenomic analysis have shown that a substantial fraction of microbial transcripts can be differentially regulated relative to their microbial genomic abundances. Thus, understanding the molecular interactions in the microbiome using the combination of metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and viromics is one of the main challenges towards a system level understanding of human microbiome

Utilization of Boiler Slag from Pulverized-Coal-Combustion Power Plants in China for Manufacturing Acoustic Materials

número del art. 5705The potential utilization of boiler slag generated in large amounts from pulverized-coalcombustion (PCC) power plants has recently drawn much attention due to the serious problems caused to ecosystems. In order to make maximal use of the boiler slag and reduce the environmental risk it poses, this study focused on manufacturing acoustic materials using boiler slag from Chinese PCC power plants. Three promising acoustic materials were successfully manufactured from up to 80% boiler slag with different grain sizes, with the addition of 20% Portland cement. The density and compressive strength of the products were inversely proportional and the sound absorption coefficient was positively proportional to the grain size of the boiler slag. The best sound absorption coefficient was obtained in products made from the coarsest fraction of the boiler slag (MS-C). Nonetheless, all the boiler-slag-based acoustic products still demonstrated compressive strength and densities comparable to those of other acoustic materials made of Spanish bottom ash or other conventional/recycled materials. The acoustic products made from the coarsest fraction (MS-C) and medium fraction (MS-M) of the boiler slag presented good noise absorption characteristics, like those of the commercial coarse porous cement that is traditionally used as an acoustic product. Furthermore, the acoustic products were characterized by very low leach ability of potentially hazardous elements. Consequently, the manufacture of acoustic materials is a very promising application for boiler slag. On the one hand, it consumes huge amounts of boiler slag that is generated in large amounts in China. On the other hand, the acoustic products can be used extensively to produce road acoustic barriers with a high sound absorption efficiency, no significant physical or mechanical limitations and no environmental implicationFoundation of China 41972179Foundation of China 41972180National Key R&D Program of China 2018YFF0215400Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) CUGCJ181

El Régimen Disciplinario para los Abogados en el Libre Ejercicio de la Profesión

El presente trabajo de investigación lleva como título: El Régimen Disciplinario para los abogados en el libre ejercicio de la profesión. En ella se expone la problemática que presenta la falta de una regulación especial para los abogados en el libre ejercicio que cometen faltas de la naturaleza que sea, concernientes a su profesión. Los abogados deben ser suspendidos e inhabilitados dependiendo el caso y la infracción que cometan, pero las leyes que regulan estas sanciones (cabiendo aclarar que son leyes supletorias, ya que no hay una regulación especial que rija a los abogados como tal), no se han cumplido a cabalidad, y los casos que actualmente lleva la Sección de Investigación Profesional, es muy difícil llevar un control minucioso de cada profesional, por lo que hay que comprender sus patrones y sus causas, y eliminarlos, conviene partir del conocimiento de las particularidades históricas y socioculturales de cada contexto específico. En la presente trabajo de grado para alcanzar la Licenciatura en Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales, con la ayuda de todas las técnicas de investigación utilizadas en el anterior, se demostró la necesidad de una regulación especial para los abogados en el libre ejercicio de la profesión, que garantice el cumplimiento de las sanciones administrativas pertinentes a las faltas cometidas, así como también que las entidades correspondientes para el juzgamiento e imposición de las mismas, aun carecientes de presupuesto suficiente, no pueden llevar a cabo las investigaciones pertinentes a todos los abogados en la mayoría de los casos, quedando impunes, y así afectando la dignidad y honradez de la profesión ante los ojos de los clientes y ciudadanía en general

Flora da Paraíba, Brasil: Capparaceae

This work encompasses the taxonomic study of Capparaceae Juss. for Paraíba State, Brazilian Northeastern. Field works collections were carried out monthly between January and December/2018 to cover the main mesorregions of the State. Exsiccate of the other Herbaria of Paraíba and the Virtual Herbarium of Flora and Fungi (Reflora), the platform of SpeciesLink, and North American herbaria (MO and NY) also were analyzed. The identifications were based on specialized literature to the family. In the study area, four genera and five species were recorded: Capparidastrum frondosum, Crateva tapia, Cynophalla flexuosa, C. hastata and Neocalyptrocalyx longifolium. The treatment includes a key to the species identification, taxonomic descriptions, comments on taxonomic affinities based on morphological characteristics, distribution data, flowering, and fruiting, as well as images and figures in Chinese ink containing the main diagnostic characters of the species found.Este trabalho compreende o estudo taxonômico de Capparaceae para o Estado da Paraíba, Nordeste brasileiro. Foram realizados trabalhos de campo mensamente entre janeiro e dezembro/2018 abrangendo as principais mesorregiões do Estado. Também foram analisadas exsicatas dos demais herbários paraibanos, Herbário Virtual da Flora e dos Fungos (Reflora) e da plataforma SpeciesLink, além de herbários norte-americanos (MO e NY). Foram registrados quatro gêneros e cinco espécies: Capparidastrum frondosum, Crateva tapia, Cynophalla flexuosa, C. hastata e Neocalyptrocalyx longifolium. O tratamento inclui uma chave para a identificação das espécies, descrições taxonômicas, comentários sobre afinidades taxonômicas fundamentadas em características morfológicas, dados de distribuição, floração e ou frutificação, além de imagens e estampas contendo os principais caracteres diagnósticos das espécies encontradas

Re-establishment of the genus Pseudalbizzia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade): the New World species formerly placed in Albizia

Following recent mimosoid phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies demonstrating the non-monophyly of the genus Albizia, we present a new molecular phylogeny focused on the neotropical species in the genus, with much denser taxon sampling than previous studies. Our aims were to test the monophyly of the neotropical section Arthrosamanea, resolve species relationships, and gain insights into the evolution of fruit morphology. We perform a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of sequences of nuclear internal and external transcribed spacer regions and trace the evolution of fruit dehiscence and lomentiform pods. Our results find further support for the non-monophyly of the genus Albizia, and confirm the previously proposed segregation of Hesperalbizia, Hydrochorea, Balizia and Pseudosamanea. All species that were sampled from section Arthrosamanea form a clade that is sister to a clade composed of Jupunba, Punjuba, Balizia and Hydrochorea. We find that lomentiform fruits are independently derived from indehiscent septate fruits in both Hydrochorea and section Arthrosamanea. Our results show that morphological adaptations to hydrochory, associated with shifts into seasonally flooded habitats, have occurred several times independently in different geographic areas and different lineages within the ingoid clade. This suggests that environmental conditions have likely played a key role in the evolution of fruit types in Albizia and related genera. We resurrect the name Pseudalbizzia to accommodate the species of section Arthrosamanea, except for two species that were not sampled here but have been shown in other studies to be more closely related to other ingoid genera and we restrict the name Albizia s.s. to the species from Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Twenty-one new nomenclatural combinations in Pseudalbizzia are proposed, including 16 species and 5 infraspecific varietal names. In addition to the type species Pseudalbizzia berteroana, the genus has 17 species distributed across tropical regions of the Americas, including the Caribbean. Finally, a new infrageneric classification into five sections is proposed and a distribution map of the species of Pseudalbizzia is presented