E-cigarette Risk Factors and Effects on Adolescent Health in the United States

Despite their adverse health effects, e-cigarette use has increased considerably among adolescents (people aged 10-19 years) in the United States. This is due to a number of factors including peer pressure, the availability of a variety of e-liquid flavors, the targeted marketing of these products to adolescents, and the belief by adolescents that e-cigarettes are less harmful to health than tobacco products. Just as traditional tobacco products, e-cigarettes have been found to be harmful to health and responsible for multiple adverse health conditions in adolescents, including inhibited growth and development, poor mental health, certain cancers, lung damage, nicotine dependency, future drug use, and social stigmatization. While the United States government realizes the harmful effects of e-cigarettes on adolescents, and although it has put in place certain policies to regulate the issue, e-cigarette use continues to be a public health problem among adolescents. This article discusses e-cigarettes, their use, risk factors, and health effects on adolescents in the US. It also proposes strategies for safeguarding adolescent health

Author Correction: The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

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The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool.

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2-4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans-including 278 individuals from England-alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6

The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool

The history of the British Isles and Ireland is characterized by multiple periods of major cultural change, including the influential transformation after the end of Roman rule, which precipitated shifts in language, settlement patterns and material culture1. The extent to which migration from continental Europe mediated these transitions is a matter of long-standing debate2,3,4. Here we study genome-wide ancient DNA from 460 medieval northwestern Europeans—including 278 individuals from England—alongside archaeological data, to infer contemporary population dynamics. We identify a substantial increase of continental northern European ancestry in early medieval England, which is closely related to the early medieval and present-day inhabitants of Germany and Denmark, implying large-scale substantial migration across the North Sea into Britain during the Early Middle Ages. As a result, the individuals who we analysed from eastern England derived up to 76% of their ancestry from the continental North Sea zone, albeit with substantial regional variation and heterogeneity within sites. We show that women with immigrant ancestry were more often furnished with grave goods than women with local ancestry, whereas men with weapons were as likely not to be of immigrant ancestry. A comparison with present-day Britain indicates that subsequent demographic events reduced the fraction of continental northern European ancestry while introducing further ancestry components into the English gene pool, including substantial southwestern European ancestry most closely related to that seen in Iron Age France5,6

Pseudo-nitzchia multiseries ferritin iron oxidation and oxidative stress protection in the presence of glutathione

Iron is an essential nutrient for most organisms, including diatoms. A portion of intracellular iron is attributed to the labile iron pool (LIP), which is readily exchangeable iron available to bind to enzymes to participate in biological reactions. Iron belonging to the LIP is transiently bound to cellular ligands, such as glutathione (GSH). However, iron present in the cell in excess can be toxic to the cell, as ferrous iron can react with H₂O₂ in the Fenton reaction to produce highly detrimental reactive oxygen species (ROS). Pseudo-nitzchia multiseries is a marine planktonic diatom that plays an important role in primary production and carbon sequestration in the ocean. P. multiseries expresses an iron storage protein, ferritin (PmFtn), which protects the cell from oxidative damage by oxidizing iron at ferroxidase centres and storing iron in a nano-cage formed from 24 monomers. Ferritin ferroxidase activity is poorly characterized in the presence of biologically-relevant iron chelators of the LIP. In this study, PmFtn ferroxidase activity was found to proceed at a slower rate in the presence of GSH. In a PmFtn structure obtained from a crystal soaked in the presence of iron and GSH for 30 minutes, iron was found bound to the ferroxidase centre at sites A and B, consistent with spectroscopic data showing rapid binding of iron but slow mineralization in the presence of GSH. PmFtn and GSH also protected DNA from H₂O₂ mediated oxidative stress in the presence of iron.Science, Faculty ofMicrobiology and Immunology, Department ofGraduat

Dugesia tigrina mitochondria and temperature-Data share

Adjustments in Control of Mitochondrial Respiratory Capacity while Facing Temperature Fluctuation